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from article Medical waste
The uniform international biohazard symbol.
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from article Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a hereditary disorder that affects approximately five to ten of every 100,000 persons. The average age at onset is between 35 and 40 years. Invariably fatal, the disease progresses gradually over time. (Copyright ©…
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from article Belladonna
Close-up view of the belladonna plant (Atropa belladonna), showing the leaves and berries, which are toxic. (Credit: Leo Michels)
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from article Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science dealing with the preparation and dispensing of medicinal or therapeutic drugs. (Credit: Sanchai Rat/Shutterstock)
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from article Hepatitis C virus
Chronic hepatitis C with portal inflammation and interface hepatitis (erosion of the limiting plate of periportal hepatocytes by infiltrating mononuclear cells). (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Hepatitis C virus
Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. It is presumed that liver fibrosis progresses in a linear course from the time of acquisition of the infection to the development of cirrhosis. Stages of fibrosis are from the METAVIR (meta-analysis of…
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from article Hepatitis C virus
The genomic structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and potential targets for therapy. Through analysis of the genomic structure of HCV, additional therapies (for example, serine protease inhibitors, helicase inhibitors, and RNA polymerase inhibitors)…
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from article Surgery
Medical personnel performing a surgical procedure in a modern operating room. (Credit: OJO Images Limited/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Surgery
Operative view illustrating the position of various surgical instruments, including a surgical telescope, used to make an incision in a patient. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Surgery
Close-up view of a surgeon organizing the instruments required for an operation. (Credit: ER Productions Limited/Blend Images)
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from article Surgery
A medical operation involving a robot. Robotic surgery is being implemented to perform procedures that once required the presence of an expert surgeon. (Credit: Master Video/Shutterstock)
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from article Food allergy
Children (under the age of 18) who experience food allergies are more likely to experience other allergic conditions, including asthma (black), eczema/skin allergy (blue), and respiratory allergy (green). (Credit: National Center for Health…
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from article Food allergy
Allergic responses (immunological responses mediated by the IgE class of immunoglobulins) can be caused by certain foods. In a person with allergies, mast cells will be coated with IgE against one or a few antigens (allergens) that, upon entering…
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from article Food allergy
Peanuts are a common trigger of food allergies in both adults and children. (Credit: Christian Jung/Shutterstock)
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from article Sport-related concussion
Sport-related concussion is among the most frequent injuries experienced by athletes participating in contact and collision sports, including football. (Credit: Skynesher/Getty Images)
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from article Sport-related concussion
Medical imaging and scanning techniques can identify the brain areas affected by a sport-related concussion. (Credit: Puwadol Jaturawutthichai/Shutterstock)
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from article Sport-related concussion
A football helmet with anticoncussion padding. This type of helmet is recommended for youths who are active in contact and collision sports. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria that have been grown from a blood culture. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in adults, but various forms of the bacteria have acquired resistance to…
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from article Binocular vision disorders
Exotropia (simulated photographically) is a misalignment of the eyes. In this type of manifest strabismus, one or both eyes turn outward. (Credit: Kerri McTigue)
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from article Binocular vision disorders
Esotropia (crossed eyes; simulated photographically) is a type of manifest strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. (Credit: Kerri McTigue)
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from article Coronavirus
Highly magnified, digitally colorized electron micrograph of MERS-CoV virions (red color). (Credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)
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from article Coronavirus
Illustration of SARS-CoV-2. Note the spike (S) proteins protruding from the surface of the coronavirus, which impart the look of the Sun's corona or crown. S proteins bind to host cell receptors for entry or infection of the cell. (Credit: Alissa…
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from article Coronavirus
Classification of coronaviruses. Human coronaviruses are shown in bold type. Highly pathogenic coronaviruses in humans are shown in red type. Human coronaviruses belong to two different genera: Betacoronavirus and Alphacoronavirus. (Credit: Teri…
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from article Coronavirus
Primary and intermediate hosts of human coronaviruses showing cross-species transmission. No concrete evidence exists about the intermediate host (or hosts) of HCoV NL63 and HCoV HKU1. The years of isolation or emergences of each viral strain are…
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from article Physical science
An astronaut conducts a physical science experiment aboard the International Space Station involving buoyancy-driven convection and sedimentation, which as force-dependent phenomena occur differently in a microgravity environment. (Credit: NASA)
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from article Model theory
A cutaway model of the Earth's crust under the Bay Area of California, showing various fault lines (such as the San Andreas Fault), and depicting the hypocenter of the devastating 1906 earthquake.
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from article Model theory
Conceptual model of a system.
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from article Model theory
Model of a regional population system.
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from article Obesity
Map of the United States showing the growing prevalence of obesity. In general, the South had the highest prevalence of obesity, followed by the Midwest, the Northeast, and the West. (Credit: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Obesity
Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of fat (adipose) tissue. The round fat cells (adipocytes) are surrounded by collagen fibers. Lipid is colored purple. Empty cells are seen at top right. (Credit: Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Obesity
Estimated percentage of obesity according to gender. Dark color indicates the percentage of obesity in females; light color indicates the percentage of obesity in males. (Credit: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,…
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from article Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme inhibition often works by preventing a substrate from attaching to an active enzyme. In this example, E1 is one of three sequential enzymes that will convert a substrate (S) into a product (P). However, the product that is created can then…
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from article Enzyme inhibition
Two types of reversible enzyme inhibition. (Left) In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor interferes with the active site of the enzyme, so the substrate is unable to bind to it. (Right) In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor changes the…
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from article Radiography
Relation of the penetration characteristics of x-rays to the type and thickness of various materials.
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from article Radiography
Geometry of radiographic image formation. F = size of focal spot of x-ray tube; d = distance from focal spot to specimen (lead plate); t = distance from plate to film; U = unsharpness.
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from article Radiography
Penetrameter. The windows show plan views and cross sections of the penetrameter plates. T is plate thickness; t is object thickness.
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from article Radiography
Chest radiograph of foundry worker made with intense beam from rotating-target x-ray tube, showing nodules in lungs which are caused by silicosis, and shadows of skeleton, heart, and stomach.
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from article Radiography
Thermal neutron radiograph of an investment-cast turbine blade, showing image of residual ceramic. (Industrial Quality, Inc.)
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from article Paleopathology
The fused spine and ribs in a case of ankylosing spondylitis from an adult male human found at a burial site near the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog…
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from article Paleopathology
Pottery figurine of an achondroplastic dwarf from an archeological site in Tachina, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, dated between 500 BCE and 500 CE. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No.…
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from article Paleopathology
Sword trauma that removed part of the left upper jaw and the right lower jaw so that no remaining teeth were in contact between the jaws. The adult male human survived this injury. The skull is from an archeological burial site near the Stewart…
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from article Paleopathology
Destruction of the lower portion of the fourth lumbar vertebra (arrow), probably caused by tuberculosis, from a young male human skeleton found at the archeological burial site of Bâb edh-Dhrâ in Jordan, dated to approximately 3300 BCE. (Credit:…
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from article Paleopathology
The effect of scurvy on the right side of the cranium of an 11-year-old human child from the archeological site of Pachacamac, Peru. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 266599)
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from article Gastrointestinal tract disorders
The major organs and associated anatomical structures of the gastrointestinal tract. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Gastrointestinal tract disorders
A cross section of a peptic ulcer, illustrating the four layers: fibrin (black arrowhead), neutrophils (black arrow), granulation tissue (white arrowhead), and fibrosis (white arrow). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Gastrointestinal tract disorders
Small intestine biopsy showing villous atrophy, which is found in individuals affected by celiac disease. (Credit: Ed Uthman/National Institutes of Health)
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from article Mouth disorders
Stages involved in the formation of periodontitis: (left) normal, nondiseased state of teeth, bone, and the gingiva (gum tissue); (middle) calculus buildup and early gingivitis (inflammation of the gums); (right) late-stage periodontitis, with…
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from article Health physics
Illustration of the electromagnetic spectrum indicating lower-energy, non-ionizing forms of radiation and higher-energy, ionizing forms of radiation. (Credit: CDC)
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from article Blood group
An O-negative (O–) whole blood transfusion bag. (Credit: Dieter Meyrl/Getty Images)
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from article Sports medicine
In one test that is commonly used in sports medicine to assess fitness, a patient rides a stationary bike while sensors monitor his respiration and heart rate. (Credit: Technotr/Getty Images)
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from article Critical care medicine
A male patient in a hospital intensive care unit bed. Often, the intensive care unit is a crucial aspect of critical care medicine, providing life-support systems that ensure a patient's survival. (Credit: Martin Barraud/age fotostock)
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from article Staphylococcus
A digitally colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicting a number of mustard-colored, spheroid-shaped Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were in the process of escaping their destruction by blue-colored human white blood cells. (Credit:…
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from article Staphylococcus
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a baby. Note the appearance of the skin layers peeling as seen in a severe burn. This syndrome is caused by the production of an exotoxin by S. aureus. (Credit: M. K. Cowan and K. P. Talaro; copyright ©…
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from article Analgesic
Analgesics are drugs (for example, synthetic opioids and aspirin) that are used primarily for pain relief. (Credit: Steve Heap/Shutterstock)
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from article West Nile virus
A transmission electron micrograph of the West Nile virus. (Credit: Cynthia Goldsmith/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article West Nile virus
West Nile virus is transmitted to a human host through the bite of infected mosquitoes. (Credit: Getty Images)
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from article Virus chemoprophylaxis
Pyrimidines uracil and thymine and their analogs.
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from article Vitamin C
Structure of vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Liver disorders
Fatty metamorphosis (fatty liver) can affect the entire liver in alcoholics. Fatty liver also can occur as a result of other processes, including malnutrition and obesity, and is referred to as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. (Copyright © McGraw…
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from article Anemia
Hemoglobin molecule. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Anemia
Aplastic anemia. This low-power photomicrograph of the bone marrow exhibits only a small amount of hematopoiesis (the process by which the cellular elements of the blood are formed). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia. Most red cells in this photomicrograph exhibit central pallor (arrow). Also present is a characteristic pencil-shaped cell (arrowhead). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Opioid
Chemical structures of various opioid compounds: (a) morphine (a plant-derived mu-opioid agonist from the opium poppy), (b) heroin (a semisynthetic mu-opioid agonist derived from morphine), and (c) fentanyl (a synthetic mu-opioid agonist). (Credit:…
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from article Anthropology
Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)
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from article Anthropology
The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)
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from article Pain
Neurophysiology of incoming pain. Sensation from peripheral receptors travels along specific pain nerves, and is modulated throughout the spinal cord and brain. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Virus, defective
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from article Virus, defective
Electron micrographs of virion and defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus. (a) Defective interfering particle with a 50% deleted RNA. (b) Defective interfering particle with an 85% deleted RNA. (c, d, f) Defective interfering…
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from article Lipoprotein
Structural model of a lipoprotein.
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from article Vitamin K
Vitamin K. (a) Natural forms. (b) Regeneration of the hydroquinone for γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla) synthesis; Glu = glutamic acid. Vitamin K functions by carboxylating certain glutamate residues in a few proteins. With each carboxylation reaction, a…
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from article Oncofetal antigen
The eosinophilic globules (pink/purple in color) are composed of α-fetoprotein, which is a well-characterized oncofetal antigen. The production of α-fetoprotein is characteristic of yolk sac tumors. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Drug delivery system
A transdermal nicotine patch is a noninvasive method of controlled drug delivery. (Credit: Plush Studios/Bill Reitzel/Blend Images)
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from article Drug delivery system
Three levels of polymer drug delivery. (a) A polymer is used as carrier of drugs. (b) The drugs are connected to the polymer via cleavable peptide linkers. (c) A homing device is added to target specific tissue types. (Credit: Jan van Hest;…
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from article Hypertension
A blood pressure monitor (sphygmomanometer) for home use to detect hypertension. This easy-to-use device displays levels of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) and pulse readings (pulses per min). (Credit: Roel Smart/Getty Images)
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from article Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Abnormal facial features, including small eye openings and a lack of distinction (or a groove) in the area from below the nose to the upper lip, are common characteristics seen in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (Copyright ©…
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from article Narcotic
Heroin is an extremely addictive narcotic. (Credit: FotoMaximum/Getty Images)
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from article Narcotic
Chemical structure of a morphine alkaloid. Two important natural alkaloids are morphine and codeine. Heroin is synthesized from morphine by acetylation.
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from article Androgenic-anabolic steroid
The use of androgenic-anabolic steroids by athletes is widespread because of the putative muscle-building and performance-enhancing effects of these drugs. (Credit: Erik Isakson/Blend Images)
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from article Androgenic-anabolic steroid
Chemical structures of the male sex hormone testosterone and a number of androgenic-anabolic steroids (derived from testosterone) used for therapeutic use. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Androgenic-anabolic steroid
Androgenic-anabolic steroids possess strong muscle-building properties. Muscle mass increment can be attributed to enlargement of muscle fibers and an increase of the number of muscle fibers. (Credit: Photobac/Getty Images)
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from article Hematologic disorders
Myelophthisic anemia results from a space-occupying lesion in the bone marrow, which hinders hematopoiesis (the process by which the cellular elements of the blood are formed). In this photomicrograph, the bone marrow space is expanded, and the…
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from article Hematologic disorders
Scanning electron micrograph of (top) an elongated, flattened sickle cell and (bottom) a normal red blood cell. (Credit: Callista Images/Image Source/Getty Images)
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from article Hematologic disorders
Colored scanning electron micrograph of round leukocytes from a patient with leukemia. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library)
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from article Medical bacteriology
Microscopic view of bacterial pneumonia, which is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection. (Credit: Stocktrek Images/Corbis)
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from article Medical bacteriology
Bacteria culture growth on agar medium in a petri dish. (Credit: Sompraaong0042/Shutterstock)
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from article Genetically modified organism (GMO)
Transgenic zebrafish cells. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a fluorescent protein first discovered in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. GFP is commonly used as a reporter of gene expression in other species. Here, GFP is expressed by zebrafish…
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from article Genetically modified organism (GMO)
Genome editing technologies. In particular, targeted nucleases are a powerful tool for precise genome editing in GMOs. Among these tools are (a) transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), (b) zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs), (c) homing…
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from article Channelrhodopsin
Three-dimensional (3D) protein crystal structure of channelrhodopsin variant C1C2. (Image courtesy of Protein Data Bank 3UG9, Molecular Modeling Database 96737)
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from article Plague
Plague ecology in the United States. The left panel shows how plague occurs in nature among rodents. The right panel shows how plague is spread from rodents to humans and domestic animals. (Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Nursing
Nursing provides physical and emotional care to ailing individuals. (Credit: Fuse/Getty Images)
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from article Zoonoses
The Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni) is the etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. (Credit: Christopher Paddock/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Zoonoses
Cryptococcosis of a lung in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Histopathology of the lung shows a widened alveolar septum containing a few inflammatory cells and numerous yeasts of Cryptococcus neoformans. The inner layer of…
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from article Zoonoses
Light micrograph of a dog roundworm (Toxocara canis). (Credit: olgaru79/Shutterstock)
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from article Medical imaging
Anteroposterior x-ray of the bones of a human left hand and wrist. X-ray studies are the most common radiologic procedures. (Credit: kravka/Shutterstock)
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from article Medical imaging
Colored angiogram (produced by injecting an x-ray opaque dye into blood vessels) of the left carotid artery (black, center) in the neck of a 56-year-old patient. The jaw is displayed at the left, and the back of the head is toward the right. The…
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from article Medical imaging
Multiple computerized tomographic (CT) images of a human abdominal area. (Credit: Don Farrall/Getty Images)
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from article Medical imaging
Colored ultrasound scan of a section through the pelvis of a 52-year-old man with an adenoma (a benign, noncancerous tumor) of the prostate gland (pink). (Credit: Zephyr/Science Source)
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from article Medical imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a tool used to examine the brain. Four coronal-view MRI scans of the human brain are shown. (Credit: AkeSak/Shutterstock)
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from article Digitalis
Close-up view of common purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). (Credit: Vera Kratochvil)
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from article Archeology
Exterior view of the entrances to two small Neolithic passage graves at Knowth, County Meath, Ireland, which date to approximately 3200 BCE. Graves of this type help archeologists to reconstruct past lifeways of the humans that created them.…
