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from article Schizophrenia

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Magnetic resonance images of the brains of identical twins (one suffering from schizophrenia, and one being normal). In a schizophrenic patient, there typically is enlargement of the fluid-filled cavities in the brain known as ventricles. The arrows…

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from article Affective disorders

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Affective or mood disorders can interfere with an individual's daily life. Depression is the most common of these disorders. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Affective disorders

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Plot showing the 12-month prevalence of a major depressive episode among adults in the United States. An estimated 16.1 million adults (aged 18 or older) in the United States had at least one major depressive episode in 2015. This number represented…

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from article Archeology

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Exterior view of the entrances to two small Neolithic passage graves at Knowth, County Meath, Ireland, which date to approximately 3200 BCE. Graves of this type help archeologists to reconstruct past lifeways of the humans that created them.…

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from article Archeology

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Stone tools from one of the oldest archeological sites in the world, OGS7 at Gona in Ethiopia, dating to 2.6 million years ago. (Top left) Refitting of flakes to a core (modified cobblestones that have been flaked). There are a variety of artifacts,…

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from article Archeology

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Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England. The first stones to be raised at this site have been dated to about 2500 BCE. The archeological evidence supports the theory that this sophisticated prehistoric stone circle was used as a ceremonial burial…

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from article Sleep disorders

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Percentages of the numbers of hours of sleep in a 24-h period among adults. The percentages are shown for men, women, and both sexes (combined), and the numbers have been age-adjusted using three age groups (18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 years…

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from article Sleep disorders

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Sleep histogram indicating normal sleep cycles during a typical night. Note the increasing amount of REM sleep as the night progresses. Individuals experiencing sleep disorders have disrupted sleep cycles.

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from article Color

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A wall of colored tiles offers a small sampling of the range of colors humans can differentially perceive. (Credit: Shutterstock / sarkelin)

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from article Color

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Three cone receptors are specialized to absorb light over characteristic ranges of wavelength, with maximum absorption at about 420 nm (blue), 530 nm (green), and 560 nm (red), respectively. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Color

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1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. (Credit: Open-i service of the National Library of Medicine)

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from article Psychology

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a form of neural imaging that has applications in psychology. A magnetic resonance image, which creates an image of the brain's structure, allows researchers to map brain regions that are associated with different…

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from article Learning

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Lateral view of the human brain, including the primary areas of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Learning

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Brain activity can be recorded in various ways, from single-cell activity (top tracing) to the familiar electrical patterns ("brain waves") of an electroencephalogram (bottom tracing). (Credit: Based on an original drawing by C. Cotman and J.…

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from article Thirst and sodium appetite

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Hypovolemic thirst and sodium appetite are caused by altered sensory information from an underfilled circulation, reinforced by increases in circulating angiotensin II and mineralocorticoids. Angiotensin peptides generated from components of a…

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from article Speech

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Human head and thorax. (Courtesy of G. E. Peterson)

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from article Speech

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Action of the glottis during speech. (a) Six successive positions of the vocal folds in one vibration cycle at 120 Hz. (b) Relation between pitch and vocal fold tension. (Courtesy of D. W. Farnsworth)

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from article Speech

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Sound spectrograms of the utterance “speech production.” (a) Energy patterns: A, pulse; B, periodic; C, aperiodic; and D, silence. (b) The dotted lines represent the pitch pattern of the utterance.

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from article Speech

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Computer-generated three-dimensional spectral display of the spoken syllable “yah.”

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from article Speech

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Speech flakes of vowels in the words (a) “far,” (b) “food,” and (c) “fee.” (Courtesy of Charles Wooters)

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from article Speech

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Regions of the brain involved in speech. (a) Left hemisphere, usually more involved in speech functions than the right hemisphere. (b) A model for the neural processes involved in speaking a heard word. Arrows indicate the path of the relayed signal…

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from article Mental disorders

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X-ray of a human brain (side view) against a black background. The image is transparent and detailed with soft blue swaps. (Credit: Brainmaster/Getty Images)

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from article Mental disorders

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Colorized CT (computerizd tomography) scan of a healthy brain (view from above). The axial (horizontal) scan has revealed the head and brain in cross section. The front of the head is at the top. The ventricles (dark areas, center), which lie…

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from article Perception

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Perception encompasses recognition in response to sensory stimuli. Stimulation of the body's receptor organs is transformed into neural activity and is relayed to more central regions of the nervous system. Then, further neural processing occurs,…

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