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from article Animal testing
Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species in animal testing and research. (Credit: Dolores Bonaparte)
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from article Animal testing
The use of animals in biomedical research remains essential, but the handling of these sentient beings must be done humanely to minimize and prevent animal harm. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Common cold
Adenovirus structure. An adenovirus binds to the host cell via its fiber through the knob at the end of the fiber "spikes" on the capsid (protein coat) surface. (Credit: M. K. Cowan and H. Smith; copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Common cold
Human respiratory system. Common cold viruses enter through the nose, mouth, or eyes, infecting epithelial cells of the oropharynx. (Credit: M. K. Cowan and H. Smith; copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Common cold
Life cycle of a double-stranded DNA virus, such as an adenovirus. The virus attaches to specific receptors, after which it is taken up by the cell. Following entry into the cell, the viral capsid (protein coat) is digested, releasing DNA, which…
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from article Common cold
Electron micrograph (tinted green) of human coronavirus 229E particles. Coronaviruses are named for the corona, or halo, surrounding the capsid (protein coat). The crown-like corona results from the presence of viral spikes protruding from the viral…
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from article Anthrax
A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing splenic tissue from a monkey with inhalation anthrax. Rod-shaped bacilli of Bacillus anthracis (yellow) and an erythrocyte (red) are shown. (Credit: Arthur Friedlander/National Institute of…
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from article Anthrax
Micrograph (stained with hematoxylin and eosin) showing submucosal hemorrhage in the small intestine of a person fatally affected by gastrointestinal anthrax. (Credit: Marshal Fox/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Tumor virus
Under certain conditions, human papillomaviruses are capable of causing cancer in humans. (Credit: Laboratory of Tumor Virus Biology, National Cancer Institute)
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from article Salicylate
Chemical structures of (a) salicylate, the conjugate base of (b) salicylic acid, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (c) acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
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from article Meningococcus
A photomicrograph reveals the presence of the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which can be pathogenic, leading to meningococcal meningitis. (Credit: James Volk/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Spinal cord disorders
Human spinal cord. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Bioassay
In conducting bioassays, researchers often employ laboratory culture tests, which use, for example, bacteria cultured in a petri dish (usually to model an effect on the organism of interest or on some basic cellular function). (Credit:…
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from article Dental caries
The disease of dental caries or tooth decay is largely preventable. Bacteria colonize the tooth surface and often produce sufficient acids to demineralize the tooth's enamel. Then, dental plaque can build up on the tooth's surface, creating…
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from article Dental caries
Early caries (cavity) lesion of a primary first molar (indicated by the arrow). (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Medical control systems
Diagram of selected portions of the human motor control system. (After G. L. Gottlieb, D. M. Corcos, and G. C. Agarwal, Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom, Behav. Brain Sci., 12:189–250, 1989)
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from article Medical control systems
Electric hand, a myoelectric prosthesis. (a) Two views of the hand, 2.5 in. (6 cm) across the knuckles, with the cover removed in one view to show the electric motor drive circuit. (b) Child using the electric hand. (Hugh Steeper Ltd.)
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from article Medical control systems
Hybrid control system using both functional electrical stimulation and orthoses. (a) Hierarchical control scheme. (b) Braces in use. (c) Detail of leg brace. (After Y. Kim and F. A. Spelman, eds., Images of the Twenty-First Century: Proceedings of…
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from article Medical control systems
Autoclavable pacemaker with a lithium silver vanadium pentoxide battery. (After W. Greatbatch, Pacemaker power sources, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., 3(2):15–19, June 1984)
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from article Medical control systems
Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) system with pulse generator, leads, and external programmer. (S. Nisam, Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc.)
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from article Microbiome
Profile of the human microbiome by anatomical niche. DNA sequence analysis reveals the relative abundances of the six most abundant bacterial phyla in the human body. The phyla shown represent 99.6% of the sequences sampled. Cyanobacteria were…
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from article Microbiome
Cup-and-ball diagrams to conceptualize the ecosystem equilibrium of the microbiota. (a) A diverse microbial ecosystem requires a large amount of applied force (blue arrow; for example, an antibiotic disturbance) to push it out of its stable…
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from article Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
HIV targets helper T lymphocytes. This illustration shows HIV cells attaching to CD4 coreceptors on a helper T lymphocyte. The depletion of these helper T lymphocytes leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 virions budding from a cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on the cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions (green spheres). (Credit: C. Goldsmith/Centers for Disease Control and…
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from article Trauma
Traumatic injury to the head can lead to concussions. Head injuries are frequently seen in individuals who participate in contact sports, such as football. (Credit: JoeSAPhotos/Shutterstock)
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from article Reproductive system disorders
Overview of the human female reproductive system. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Reproductive system disorders
Overview of the human male reproductive system. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Reproductive system disorders
The ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina are sites affected by disorders of the human female reproductive system. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Reproductive system disorders
The testicles (testes), epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and penis are sites affected by disorders of the human male reproductive system. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Cisplatin
Structures of cisplatin and related compounds (transplatin and carboplatin).
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from article Hygiene hypothesis
The hygiene hypothesis suggests that young children should be exposed to various environmental microorganisms, including those found in soils, so that proper development of the immune system can take place. (Credit: Allison Peltzman/Shutterstock)
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from article Hygiene hypothesis
Scanning electron micrograph of a human T cell (T lymphocyte) from the immune system of a healthy donor. (Credit: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health)
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from article Pharmacognosy
Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is the source of digitalis, which is a drug used in the treatment of heart disorders. (Credit: Tom Heutte/USDA Forest Service)
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from article Prion
Immunohistochemical staining of cerebellar tissue of a patient who died of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Stained amyloid plaques are shown with surrounding deposits of abnormal prion proteins. (Credit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
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from article Prion
Prion replication occurs via a process called seeded polymerization. Differences in PrP amino acid sequences between species (represented by different shades) help to determine whether a prion can cross species barriers by influencing the final…
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from article Antimicrobial agents
A researcher examining a disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility plate. Antibiotic action can be assessed by measuring the zones of inhibition surrounding antibiotic-impregnated filter paper disks. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Vascular disorders
Atherosclerosis, a type of vascular disease, is the most common form of arteriosclerosis. It can be caused by damage to the inner lining of arteries, cholesterol-filled cells in arteries, and arterial deposition of plaque and fat. (Copyright ©…
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from article Vascular disorders
Close-up view of varicose veins on a male's leg. (Credit: Jaroslav Moravcik/Shutterstock)
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from article Escherichia coli outbreaks
A digitally colorized electron micrographic image of an E. coli O157:H7 bacterium, which is a common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks. The flagella of this bacterium can be seen in the image. (Credit: Elizabeth H. White/Centers for Disease…
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from article Escherichia coli outbreaks
A digitally colorized scanning electron micrographic image of a growing cluster of rod-shaped E. coli O157:H7 bacteria. The O157:H7 strain makes a powerful toxin called Shiga toxin, which causes diarrheal disease and other gastrointestinal ailments…
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from article Medical waste
The uniform international biohazard symbol.
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from article Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a hereditary disorder that affects approximately five to ten of every 100,000 persons. The average age at onset is between 35 and 40 years. Invariably fatal, the disease progresses gradually over time. (Copyright ©…
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from article Belladonna
Close-up view of the belladonna plant (Atropa belladonna), showing the leaves and berries, which are toxic. (Credit: Leo Michels)
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from article Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science dealing with the preparation and dispensing of medicinal or therapeutic drugs. (Credit: Sanchai Rat/Shutterstock)
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from article Hepatitis C virus
Chronic hepatitis C with portal inflammation and interface hepatitis (erosion of the limiting plate of periportal hepatocytes by infiltrating mononuclear cells). (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Hepatitis C virus
Natural history of chronic hepatitis C. It is presumed that liver fibrosis progresses in a linear course from the time of acquisition of the infection to the development of cirrhosis. Stages of fibrosis are from the METAVIR (meta-analysis of…
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from article Hepatitis C virus
The genomic structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and potential targets for therapy. Through analysis of the genomic structure of HCV, additional therapies (for example, serine protease inhibitors, helicase inhibitors, and RNA polymerase inhibitors)…
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from article Surgery
Medical personnel performing a surgical procedure in a modern operating room. (Credit: OJO Images Limited/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Surgery
Operative view illustrating the position of various surgical instruments, including a surgical telescope, used to make an incision in a patient. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Surgery
Close-up view of a surgeon organizing the instruments required for an operation. (Credit: ER Productions Limited/Blend Images)
