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The geographical range within which Neandertal remains have been found (dashed line). White dots show the sites of the discoveries used to estimate the almost-complete hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence of the Neandertal mtDNA. The approximate…

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from article Neandertal DNA

The mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) diversity found in eight Neandertals. The nucleotide substitutions and insertions relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) are shaded. (Credit: Igor Ovchinnikov and William Goodwin)

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from article Neandertal DNA

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neandertal mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence. (a) Neighbor-joining tree of the Neandertal mtDNA sequences and 2500 modern human HVS-I sequences from 43 modern populations. (b) Neighbor-joining tree of the…

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from article Neandertals

Neandertal cranium excavated from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. Note the pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, is the last known site of Neandertal occupation, being dated possibly to 30,000 years ago. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson, Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Reconstructed skull of a Neandertal from the cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. (Illustration adapted from an original drawing by M. F. Ashley Montagu)

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from article Anthropology

Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)

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from article Anthropology

The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)

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from article Paleopathology

Pottery figurine of an achondroplastic dwarf from an archeological site in Tachina, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, dated between 500 BCE and 500 AD. (Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 449562)

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from article Paleopathology

Sword trauma that removed part of the left upper jaw and the right lower jaw so that no remaining teeth were in contact between the jaws. The adult male survived this injury. The skull is from an archeological burial site near the Stewart River,…

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from article Paleopathology

Destruction of the lower portion of the fourth lumbar vertebra (arrow), probably caused by tuberculosis, from a young male skeleton found at the archeological burial site of Bâb edh-Dhrâ in Jordan, dated to approximately 3300 BCE. (Department of…

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from article Paleopathology

The fused spine and ribs in a case of ankylosing spondylitis from an adult male found at a burial site near the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. (Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 351296)

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from article Paleopathology

The effect of scurvy on the right side of the cranium of an 11-year-old child from the archeological site of Pachacamac, Peru. (Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 266599)

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

Cranium of Sahelanthropus tchadensis from deposits about 7–6 million years old in Chad: (left) original fossil; (right) virtual reconstruction. (Copyright © Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne)

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from article Fossil humans

Ardipithecus ramidus from the 4.4-million-year-old site of Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia: (left) reconstructed female skull next to female chimpanzee skull in oblique and right lateral views; (right) partial female skeleton. (Credit: David…

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from article Fossil humans

Digital recreation of the skeleton of Lucy, who lived about 3.2 MYA. This female australopith (Australopithecus afarensis) was discovered at the Ethiopian site of Hadar in 1974. (Credit: miv123/iStock/Getty Images)

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa, dated about 1.8 million years old: (left) juvenile male and adult female partial skeletons; (right) juvenile (male?) cranium in frontal and left lateral views. (Copyright © Lee Berger/Peter Schmid)

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from article Fossil humans