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Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)

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from article Anthropology

The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)

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from article Paleopathology

The fused spine and ribs in a case of ankylosing spondylitis from an adult male human found at a burial site near the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog…

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from article Paleopathology

Pottery figurine of an achondroplastic dwarf from an archeological site in Tachina, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, dated between 500 BCE and 500 CE. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No.…

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from article Paleopathology

Sword trauma that removed part of the left upper jaw and the right lower jaw so that no remaining teeth were in contact between the jaws. The adult male human survived this injury. The skull is from an archeological burial site near the Stewart…

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from article Paleopathology

Destruction of the lower portion of the fourth lumbar vertebra (arrow), probably caused by tuberculosis, from a young male human skeleton found at the archeological burial site of Bâb edh-Dhrâ in Jordan, dated to approximately 3300 BCE. (Credit:…

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from article Paleopathology

The effect of scurvy on the right side of the cranium of an 11-year-old human child from the archeological site of Pachacamac, Peru. (Credit: Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Catalog No. 266599)

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from article Neandertal DNA

The geographical range within which Neandertal remains have been found (dashed line). White dots show the sites of the discoveries used to estimate the almost-complete hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence of the Neandertal mtDNA. The approximate…

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from article Neandertal DNA

The mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) diversity found in eight Neandertals. The nucleotide substitutions and insertions relative to the Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) are shaded. (Credit: Igor Ovchinnikov and William Goodwin)

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from article Neandertal DNA

Phylogenetic analysis of the Neandertal mtDNA hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) sequence. (a) Neighbor-joining tree of the Neandertal mtDNA sequences and 2500 modern human HVS-I sequences from 43 modern populations. (b) Neighbor-joining tree of the…

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from article Neandertals

Neandertal cranium excavated from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. Note the pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead. (Credit: Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, is the last known site of Neandertal occupation, being dated possibly to 30,000 years ago. (Credit: Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)

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from article Neandertals

Reconstructed skull of a Neandertal from the cave at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. (Credit: Illustration adapted from an original drawing by M. F. Ashley Montagu)

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from article Archeology

Exterior view of the entrances to two small Neolithic passage graves at Knowth, County Meath, Ireland, which date to approximately 3200 BCE. Graves of this type help archeologists to reconstruct past lifeways of the humans that created them.…

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from article Archeology

Stone tools from one of the oldest archeological sites in the world, OGS7 at Gona in Ethiopia, dating to 2.6 million years ago. (Top left) Refitting of flakes to a core (modified cobblestones that have been flaked). There are a variety of artifacts,…

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from article Archeology

Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England. The first stones to be raised at this site have been dated to about 2500 BCE. The archeological evidence supports the theory that this sophisticated prehistoric stone circle was used as a ceremonial burial…

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from article Prehistoric technology

Elements of stone flaking. (a) Relationship between the core and the flake. (b) Major feature of the ventral or release surface of the flake. (After I. Tattersall, E. Delson, and J. A. Van Couvering, eds., Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and…

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from article Prehistoric technology

Principal techniques of stone-tool manufacture. (a) Hard-hammer, with free-hand percussion. (b) Anvil technique. (c) Bipolar technique. (d) Soft-hammer percussion. (e) Indirect percussion or punch technique. (f) Pressure flaking. (After I.…

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from article Prehistoric technology

Potters from the village of Harappa, Pakistan, display their wares in front of a replica of a two-chambered kiln used by ancient potters in the Indus Valley civilization. (Photo courtesy of R. P. Wright)

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

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from article Fossil humans

Cranium of Sahelanthropus tchadensis from deposits about 7–6 million years old in Chad: (left) original fossil; (right) virtual reconstruction. (Copyright © Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne)

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from article Fossil humans

Ardipithecus ramidus from the 4.4-million-year-old site of Aramis, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia: (left) reconstructed female skull next to female chimpanzee skull in oblique and right lateral views; (right) partial female skeleton. (Credit: David…

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from article Fossil humans

Digital recreation of the skeleton of Lucy, who lived about 3.2 MYA. This female australopith (Australopithecus afarensis) was discovered at the Ethiopian site of Hadar in 1974. (Credit: miv123/iStock/Getty Images)

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