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Project

1-Wire Weather Station

The weather station in this project is quite basic, measuring only temperature, pressure, and humidity, but it may be easily expanded to measure other weather components, such as wind speed and rainfall. The design is based on using a series of…

Project

3D Floor Plan

Floor plans show walls, windows, doors, and other features of a room or building. Architects and engineers use them to study spatial relationships and describe their designs. Typically, floor plans are rendered as two-dimensional drawings.In this…

Project

3D Skull Candy Mold

Whether preparing for Halloween or just a regular day, you can make skull-shaped edibles from this project's 3D candy mold. Like many molds, this one is a hollow container into which you can pour water or hot liquids, such as gelatin, chocolate, or…

Project

3D Spur Gear

A spur gear is a common toothed wheel that works with other wheels in a set to adjust the speed, power, or direction of a complex machine. It's found in many everyday devices, such as electric screwdrivers, washing machines, and mechanical clocks…

Project

3D Terrain Map

Terrain maps are physical models that give you an at-a-glance overview of landforms. Architects, builders, and engineers often use these types of maps to provide context to proposed building designs. In this project, you'll create a layered…

Project

3x3x3 LED Cube

LEDs (light-emitting diodes) are rectifying semiconductor devices that convert electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. You can use these devices to create a 3-dimensional light display. LED cubes require some care and good soldering skills…

Project

Arduino Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is a device that allows you to see an electronic signal so that it appears as a waveform. Traditional oscilloscopes work by amplifying a signal to control the position of a dot on the y-axis (vertical axis) of a cathode-ray tube…

Project

Chatbot, an Artificially Intelligent Microcontroller

The term "Chatbot" is used for a computer or computer program that is made to emulate some form of human intelligence through conversation. In this project, you will learn how easy it is to make a specific microcontroller—an Arduino™ Uno—seem as…

Project

Heart-Rate Monitor

This project uses a sensitive light-detecting resistor to detect small changes in the light beaming through your finger as your blood pumps through tiny arteries in the finger. This device is not the same as the heart-rate monitors typically used in…

Project

Jumbo Foam Glider

This project takes you through the steps to build, launch, and fly a foam glider in sustained and controlled flight. Control in flight is achieved by modifying the wind the glider flies through with a large cardboard sheet (paddle). If this is your…

Project

Laser-Grid Intruder Alarm

This is a working alarm. It uses a laser beam that bounces between mirrors attached to two walls that face each other. The figure to the right has been digitally edited to show the path of the beam. When the beam is broken, a buzzer sounds.This…

Project

Levitation Machine

This project allows you to use electromagnetic levitation to suspend a globe of the world above a surface. The "globe" is actually a table tennis ball painted to look like a globe. Keeping it in place requires careful control of electrical current…

Project

Light and Temperature Logger

Environmental research often involves the use of data loggers to record data at regular intervals over a period of time. Most data loggers are based on digital processors, and can be fairly expensive, but you can build your own. This project uses a…

Project

Pulse Generator Circuits

A pulse generator circuit is an important building block for many electronic projects, such as the heart of a digital clock. Its purpose is basically to switch an output on and off for as long as the circuit is activated. Sometimes, these circuits…

Project

Text-Controlled RGB LED

A red, green, and blue (RGB) light-emitting diode (LED) is a useful electronic component that can produce visible light in a variety of colors. This is done by varying the intensity of the light output of the three different color LED elements (red,…

Project

Theremin-like Instrument

A theremin is a musical instrument developed in the 1920s by the Russian inventor, Léon Theremin. It was one of the world's first electronic musical instruments. The original invention used radio-frequency electronics and a pair of antennae. By…

Project

Tumblewing Walkalong Glider

This project takes you through the steps to build, launch,and fly a paper airplane (glider) in sustained and controlled flight. Control in flight is achieved by modifying the wind the glider flies through with a large cardboard sheet or foam board…

Project

Ultralight Foam Glider

This project takes you through the steps to build, launch, and fly an ultralight foam glider in sustained and controlled flight. Controlled flight is achieved by modifying the wind the glider flies through with a large cardboard sheet, or paddle.The…

Project

White-Noise Generator

White noise is a smooth hiss consisting of all audio frequencies played back at random simultaneously. Because your ears cannot "lock" onto any specific frequencies or patterns in white noise, this device has the effect of shutting off your ears to…

Project

Wind Lantern

In this project, you will build a small, vertical-axis wind turbine, or VAWT for short. VAWTs are not as efficient as their horizontal-axis cousins, but they are better suited to urban environments where wind can come from different…

Project

Constant-Speed Vehicle

Everything in the universe is in motion. One basic, yet important, type of motion is constant-speed motion. This project takes you through assembly of a model battery-powered vehicle that moves at a constant speed. This particular vehicle is built…

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from article Citric acid

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2D and 3D structures for citric acid. Black = carbon. Red = oxygen. White = hydrogen.

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from article Piciformes

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Red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) in Desoto National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa. (Photo by Dave Menke/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Otter

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North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). (Credit: Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images)

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from article Otter

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Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in the water off the coast of Moss Landing, California. (Credit: Lilian Carswell/U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

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from article Mustard

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Black mustard (Brassica nigra). (Photo courtesy of Jennifer Anderson, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)

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from article Forensic botany

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Surface of a green bean pod, showing its spines using (a) light microscope (courtesy of David O. Norris) and (b) scanning electron microscope (courtesy of Meredith Lane).

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from article Exposure meter

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Basic exposure meter circuits. (a) Photovoltaic type circuit. (b) Photoconductive type circuit.

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from article Anthropology

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Fossil skulls of four different species of Homo (clockwise from upper left): Homo neanderthalensis, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Each skull shows different anatomical variations. (Credit: creativemarc/Shutterstock)

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from article Anthropology

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The indigenous inhabitants of Siberut Island (West Sumatra, Indonesia) are known as the Mentawai people. They live a seminomadic hunter-gatherer life in the coastal and rainforest environments of the island. (Credit: Chanwit Whanset/Shutterstock)

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from article Donor atom

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Pentavalent donor atom, phosphorus (P), in the elemental semiconductor silicon (Si). (a) Phosphorus atom in a substitutional position, that is, replacing silicon, a tetravalent host atom, by completing the four tetrahedral covalent bonds with its…

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from article Pain

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Neurophysiology of incoming pain. Sensation from peripheral receptors travels along specific pain nerves, and is modulated throughout the spinal cord and brain. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)

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from article Radiation damage to materials

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The five principal mechanisms of radiation damage are ionization, vacancies, interstitials, impurity atoms, and thermal spikes. Diagram shows how a neutron might give rise to each in copper. Grid-line intersections are equilibrium positions for…

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from article Radiation damage to materials

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Sensitivity of engineering materials to radiation. Levels are approximate and subject to variation. Changes are in most cases at least 10%. (After O. Sisman and J. C. Wilson, Nucleonics, 14:58–65, 1956)

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from article Acanthodii

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Jaws of an Early Devonian ischnacanthid from northern Canada. The upper palatoquadrate and lower meckelian cartilages have tooth-bearing jawbones along their facing edges. (From University of Alberta, Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology…

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from article Acanthodii

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Examples of acanthodians from the Early Devonian of northern Canada. (a) Primitive climatiiform Lupopsyrus. (b) Diplacanthid Tetanopsyrus. (c) Ischnacanthiform Ischnacanthus. (d) Unnamed mesacanthid acanthodiform. (From the University of Alberta,…

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from article Nuclear reaction

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Formation of the compound nucleus 14N after capture of the deuteron by 12C. Four exit channels are indicated.

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from article Echiura

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Echiuran anatomy. (a) External anatomy, ventral view. (b) Internal anatomy, dorsal view. A, anus; AV, anal vesicles; G, gut (middle section removed for clarity); M, mouth; N, nephridia (egg and sperm storage organs); S, setae; VNC, ventral nerve…

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from article Atomic force microscopy

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Application of AFM imaging to lipid membranes. (a) Nanostructures with well-defined bendings and a ∼30 nm periodicity, formed at the surface of a mixed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/surfactin bilayer supported on mica. (b) Another type of…

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from article Atomic force microscopy

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Application of AFM force spectroscopy to the detection of single molecular recognition events. Force–distance curves were recorded between an AFM tip and a substrate functionalized with oligoglucose and concanavalin A, respectively. The ∼100 pN…

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from article Asian vegetables

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A head of Chinese cabbage. (Credit: Jiang Hongyan/Shutterstock)

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from article Asian vegetables

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Bok choy, also known as pak choy or Chinese mustard. (Credit: Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)

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from article Asian vegetables

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Daikon (oriental winter radish) is a notable vegetable in Japan. (Credit: Franco Folini)

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from article Asian vegetables

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Chinese okra. The length of the fruit can reach 30–38 cm (12–15 in.). (Credit: Forest and Kim Starr)

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from article Schizomida

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Schizomus sawadai. (After K. Sekiguchi and T. Yamasaki, A redescription of “Trithyreus sawadi” (Uropygi: Schizomidae) from the Bonin Islands, Acta Arachnol., 24(2):73–81, 1972)

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