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A type of connective tissue, especially in mammals, that is specialized for the storage of neutral fats (lipids). Adipose cells originate mainly from fibroblasts (connective tissue cells found in virtually all animal organs). In the mammalian…

Any living organism taxonomically assigned to the classification kingdom known as Animalia. Members of the kingdom Animalia—that is, animals (see illustration)—possess certain characteristics that distinguish them from organisms belonging to the…

Any substance that causes the immune system to produce specific antibodies or T cells against it. An antigen may be a foreign substance from the environment (such as chemicals, bacterial or viral proteins, or pollen; Fig. 1) or formed within the…

Wildfires, also termed bushfires or forest fires, are currently devastating large swaths of land in Australia. Detrimental ecologic consequences of these uncontrolled combustions of forest fuels and vegetation are numerous. One of the most serious…

Cells within a tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancerous cells that comprise the tumor. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) typically represent a small percentage of all cells in a tumor (rarely more than…