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from article Distance-measuring equipment
Block diagram of distance-measuring equipment system
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from article Piloting
A fix from two bearings.
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from article Piloting
A fix which is obtained from a bearing and the distance of a single object. 6.3 mi = 10 km.
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from article Piloting
A horizontal danger angle.
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from article Rate-of-climb indicator
Rate-of-climb indicator or vertical-speed indicator. (a) Components. (b) Face. (After Federal Aviation Administration, Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook, AC 65-15A, 1976)
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from article Dead reckoning
Marine magnetic compass.
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from article Dead reckoning
Typical aeronautical deviation card.
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from article Dead reckoning
A plotter in use among air navigators.
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from article Automatic horizon
Automatic horizon indicator. (Kollsman Instrument Co.)
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from article Space navigation and guidance
Jupiter flyby of a space probe in (a) Jupiter's frame of reference and (b) the Sun's frame of reference.
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from article Tacan
Tacan transponder with rotating directional antenna system.
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from article Tacan
Composite radiated signal of Tacan transponder. Spaces between reference burst are filled with 2700 random DME replies per second.
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from article Tacan
Vortac system.
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from article Aircraft collision avoidance system
Surveillance with Mode A/C transponders. (Reprinted with permission of MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA)
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from article Aircraft collision avoidance system
TCAS pilot displays. (a) Traffic advisory (TA) display. (b) Vertical resolution advisory (RA) display. (Reprinted with permission of MIT Lincoln Laboratory)
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from article Autopilot
Basic elements of an autopilot system.
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from article Autopilot
Typical longitudinal autopilot control loop.
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from article Autopilot
Typical directional autopilot control loop.
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from article Satellite navigation advances
Quasi-Zenith Satellites System (QZSS) ground tracks and satellite subpoints.
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from article Satellite navigation advances
India Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) ground tracks and subpoints.
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from article Satellite navigation advances
Global Positioning System (GPS) and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) monitor station locations.
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from article Magnetic compass
Typical magnetic compasses. (a) Marine. (b) Aircraft. (Photographs courtesy of Aviation Electric, Ltd.)
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from article Turn and bank indicator
Typical turn and bank indicator. (U.S. Air Force)
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from article Progress in developing x-ray pulsar-based navigation (XNAV)
An artist’s impression of NICER, the Neutron-star Interior Composition Explorer, seen here as an angled, washing machine–like apparatus installed on the exterior of the International Space Station, and which researchers are using to conduct an XNAV…
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from article Sea turtle navigation
Green turtle (Chelonia mydas), an endangered species of sea turtle. (Photo by Michael Lusk, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Pulsar navigation
Neutron star with rotation axis and magnetic field. (Copyright © S. I. Sheikl, 2004)
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from article Pulsar navigation
Crab Nebula and pulsar in the x-ray band, imaged by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. (NASA, CXC, SAO)
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from article Pulsar navigation
ARGOS satellite with the USA experiment.
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from article Atom interferometer, magnetic waveguide
Atomic beam interferometer with two separated paths, three gratings, and one detector for the output of each port. The interferometer is sensitive to rotations Ω in the plane of the beams, and its sensitivity goes as the area A. The probability of…
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from article Atom interferometer, magnetic waveguide
Magnetic field strength above two current-carrying wires with a uniform external field Bext applied. (a) Configuration with separated wires. Atoms are trapped in the waveguide at the field minimum above each wire and propagate through the field…
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from article Atom interferometer, magnetic waveguide
Interferometer geometries. (a) Sagnac gyroscope geometry. Atoms enter via one of the two paths (or ports) and, after making a complete circuit of the loop, can leave via either of the two ports depending on the rotations experienced during their…
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from article Atom interferometer, magnetic waveguide
Representation of the first half of an atom chip interferometer. The direction of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) motion is from far left to far right. Two bar magnets, along with two guide wires, guide the condensate into the funnel-shaped loading…
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from article Integrity monitoring (satellite navigation)
Illustration of satellite navigation system receiver autonomous integrity monitoring concepts. (a) Two-dimensional problem: noisy measurements of a line. (b) Four-dimensional problem: estimating receiver position and clock error in satellite…
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from article Location-based security
GeoEncryption algorithm.
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from article Location-based security
PVT → GeoLock mapping function.
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from article Time transfer using a satellite navigation system
The common-view method. Receivers 1 and 2 receive a signal transmitted by the satellite at time S. The signals reach the receivers after a time δ, which is the same for both paths. The receivers measure the time difference between the local clock,…
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from article Time transfer using a satellite navigation system
The all-in-view melting pot method. Receiver 1 observes satellites S1 through S4 and uses the data from these satellites to compute the difference between the local clock and the system time. The receiver combines the time offset of the local clock…
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from article Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) scale
Relationship of time scales and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
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from article Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) scale
Difference between UT1 and UTC in seconds since 2000.
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from article Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) scale
Process of determining UTC, from timing centers to the BIPM.
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from article Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) scale
Time differences between UTC and UTC(USNO), UTC(NIST), UTC(NRL), and UTC(APL), from data collected from BIPM Circular T. The respective timing centers are at the U. S. Naval Observatory (USNO), the National Institute for Standards and Technology…
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from article Indoor navigation for first responders
Precision Personnel Location system concept. (a) First responders wear transmitting units. Received signals are picked up by reference units that compute the 3D locations of all the individuals for display in real time on the incident commander's…
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from article Indoor navigation for first responders
Receiver captures attenuated direct path signals as well as reflected signals, a phenomenon known as multipath.
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from article Indoor navigation for first responders
Outcome of the σART algorithm to determine the location of a firefighter in a house. Location of transmitter (indicated by X) is at the point of the highest peak in the σART scan metric.
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from article Animal navigation
Diagram (not to scale) of the orientation arena, magnetic coil system, and data acquisition system used in studies of sea turtle responses to magnetic fields. (From K. J. Lohmann and C. M. F. Lohmann, Geomagnetic navigation and magnetic maps in sea…
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from article Balloon circumnavigation
Breitling Orbiter 3 over the Swiss Alps, shortly after launch.
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from article Balloon circumnavigation
Cutaway view of Breitling Orbiter 3.
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from article Satellite-based geodesy
Combination and integration of the geodetic observation techniques. (After H-P. Plag et al., The Global Geodetic Observing System, in K. Satake, ed., Advances in Geodetic Sciences 2008, World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008)
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from article Global Positioning System (GPS)
Constellation of operational GPS spacecraft.
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from article Global Positioning System (GPS)
Generations of GPS spacecraft. (a) Block I. (b) Block II-IIA. (c) Block IIR. (d) Block IIF.
