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from article Forest fire
Exclusion of fire by humans has contributed to dramatic large blazes in the western United States. (Credit: Kari Greer)
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from article Forest fire
Crown fire in northern California. (Credit: Kari Greer)
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from article Forest fire
Values at risk during a forest fire can vary, depending on the location of the fire. (Credit: USDA Forest Service)
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from article Forest fire
Wildland firefighters work to separate the fuels on the ground from the fire in an effort to stop the spread of the fire. (Credit: Kari Greer)
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from article Forest fire
Engine crews work to suppress a large wildfire in northern California. (Credit: Kari Greer)
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from article Forest fire
Mega-fires often result in severe damage to natural resources and have long-lasting regional impacts. (Credit: USDA Forest Service)
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from article Forest fire
An example of fire prevention education: Smokey Bear. (Credit: USDA Forest Service)
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from article Forest fire
Lookouts in places where elevation and vision allow for a wide view of a broad expanse play an integral role in fire detection. (Credit: Kari Greer)
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from article Forest fire
Through a variety of management activities, societies seek to mitigate the impacts of wildfire. (A) Use of a masticator to reduce fuels. (B) Use of a low-intensity, prescribed (planned) fire to reduce the density of the vegetation, reduce fuels, and…
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from article Forest fire
Methods of fire suppression include hand crews, engine crews, and airborne intervention. While aircraft support firefighting efforts, forest fires are extinguished by ground-based firefighters. (Credit: USDA Forest Service)
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from article Forest fire
Extremely intense, fast moving forest fires can overwhelm even the most experienced, well-equipped firefighting workforce. (Credit: USDA Forest Service)
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from article Radian measure
Diagrams showing radian measurement. Symbols are explained in the text.
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from article Cellulose
Microscopic view of cotton fibers, which contain 98% cellulose. (Credit: Martin Kreutz/agefotostock)
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from article Cellulose
Positioning of β-d-glucopyranosyl units in cellulose structure.
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from article Cellulose
Cellulose is the principal structural component of plants. In particular, cellulose in the plant cell wall is found mainly in the form of threadlike fibers, composed of smaller fibrils (microfibrils). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Cantaloupe
Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus). (Photo by Scott Bauer, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Plant epidermis in surface view. (a) Iris leaf showing kidney-shaped guard cells. (b) Zea leaf showing dumbbell-shaped guard cells; two subsidiary cells are associated with each stoma. (c) Sedum leaf; each stoma is associated with three or four…
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Specialized epidermal cells in transections of leaves. (a) Leaf of Ficus elastica, each side having approximately three layers of cells in the multiple epidermis; lithocyst containing cystolith whose calcium deposits were removed during…
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Transection of leaf of Andropogon showing large bulliform cells in the upper epidermis.
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Trichomes. (a) Uniseriate hairs of Gynura. (b) Unicellular anchor hair of Mentzelia. (c) Stellate hair of Solanum. (d) Branched (candelabra) hair of Platanus. (e) Peltate scale of Shepherdia.
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Trichomes. (a) Unicellular and glandular (colleters) hairs of the geranium (Pelargonium). (b) Unicellular-hooked and uniseriate, club-shaped hairs of the bean (Phaseolus). (c) Uniseriate and glandular (colleters) hairs of the tomato (Lycopersicon).
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from article Z transform
Extraction of discrete-time sample values from a continuous signal.
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from article Plants of saline environments
Desert arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) is a halophytic evergreen shrub adapted for growth in the salty basins of Death Valley, California. (Credit: Steven P. Lynch)
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from article Plants of saline environments
Soluble salts in irrigation water and those present in fertilizers lead to the gradual accumulation of toxic levels of sodium ions in topsoil, rendering the land useless. (Credit: Roberto A. Gaxiola)
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from article Plants of saline environments
Relationship between growth and sodium chloride concentration for halophytes and glycophytes. The diagram assumes that the plants are growing in a culture solution that accounts for about 10–20 mol m−3 of ions. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Plants of saline environments
Suaeda maritima (annual sea blite), a halophytic member of the Chenopodiaceae. (Credit: František Pleva)
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from article Plants of saline environments
Gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) on the island of Tonga. Aerial roots called pneumatophores, which act as a snorkel, are growing out of the mud. Other mangroves can absorb air through holes in their bark known as lenticels. (Credit: Valentina…
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from article Plants of saline environments
Salt gland from the mangrove swamp species Aegiceras corniculatum. (a) Secretory cells surrounded by cuticle and epidermal cells. (b) Section through the gland. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Gorgonacea
Gorgonian colonies in life. (a) Plumigorgia cf. hydroides, Palawan, Philippines. (b) Eunicella gracilis, São Tomé, Gulf of Guinea. (c) Junceella fragilis, Luzon, Philippines. (d) Leptogorgia alba, Cocos Island, Costa Rica. (e) Astrogorgia sp.,…
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from article Gorgonacea
Some common gorgonaceans. (a) Thouarella hicksoni (inset, detail of polyps). (b) Ideogorgia capensis. (c) Eunicella papillosa. (d) Leptogorgia lutkeni. (e) Junceella sp. (f) Anthothela parviflora. (g) Rumphella sp. (h) Homophyton verrucosum. (i)…
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from article Gorgonacea
Gorgonian colonies (dry preserved specimens). (a) Briareum sp. (b) Ideogorgia capensis. (c) Chrysogorgia pinnata. (d) Fanellia compressa. (e) Viminella sp. (f) Paragorgia sp. (g) Subergorgia suberosa. (h) Isis hippuris. (i) Solenocaulon sp.
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from article Gorgonacea
Caribbean gorgonian colonies (digital scans from dry preserved specimens). (a) Muricea cf. fruticosa. (b) Gorgonia ventalina. (c) Pseudopterogorgia cf. hummelincki.
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from article Gorgonacea
Gorgonian colonies (dry preserved specimens). (a) Leptogorgia palma. (b) Skeleton of Isidella sp. (Artwork courtesy of Jessica Machnicki, California Academy of Sciences)
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from article Gorgonacea
Gorgonian morphology.
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from article Spruce
Cones of eastern and western spruce species. (a) Black spruce (Picea mariana). (b) Red spruce (P. rubens). (c) White spruce (P. glauca). (d) Colorado blue spruce (P. pungens). (e) Norway spruce (P. abies). (Brooklyn Botanic Garden)
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from article Spruce
Blue spruce (Picea pungens). (Photo courtesy of D. E. Herman, North Dakota State Soil Conservation Committee, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)
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from article Willow
Close-up view of peachleaf willow (S. amygdaloides). (Photo courtesy of Sheri Hagwood, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)
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from article Willow
White willow (S. alba). (Photo courtesy of D. E. Herman, North Dakota State Soil Conservation Committee, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)
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from article Umami taste receptor
Schematic drawing of a taste bud. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Umami taste receptor
Schematics of umami, sweet, and chimeric T1R receptors. The T1R1/T1R3 umami taste receptor and the T1R1-2/T1R3 chimeric receptor recognize umami ligands, whereas the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor and the T1R2-1/T1R3 chimeric receptor recognize…
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from article Tree physiology
Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) is an evergreen tree. (Credit: Homer Edward Price)
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from article Tree physiology
Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum). The height of sequoia trees can reach 90 m (300 ft). (Credit: Anita Ritenour)
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from article Tree physiology
Cross section of a woody stem. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Trophic ecology
Trophic ecology investigates the structure of feeding (trophic) relationships among organisms in an ecosystem. In general, feeding or trophic relationships are represented as a food web or as a food chain (often depicted as a pyramid). (Copyright ©…
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from article Trophic ecology
Food chain dynamics in subtidal kelp forests. Four-level trophic system: In open coastal areas, killer whales decimate sea otter populations, creating conditions in which urchins can regulate macroalgae. Three-level trophic system: In the absence of…
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from article Pythagorean theorem
Proof of Pythagorean theorem based on comparison of areas of squares.
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from article Pythagorean theorem
Three-dimensional Pythagorean theorem.
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from article Analysis of variance
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from article Fungal genomics
Fungal papers published by year that included the term genome or genomics.
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from article Xylem
Xylem cell types. (a) Wood (xylem) fiber. (b) Tracheid. (c) Vessel member. (d) Xylem parenchyma cell. All can vary widely in structure. (After H. J. Fuller and O. Tippo, College Botany, rev. ed., Holt, 1954)
