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from article Manganese
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from article Oscillatory reaction
Oscillatory behavior in a sulfuric acid medium containing potassium bromate, malonic acid, and cerous nitrate. The upper curve is the potential (in unspecified units) of a tungsten electrode and is related to the concentration ratio of…
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from article Oscillatory reaction
Rotating spiral bands of oxidation in a thin layer of solution containing the same reagents as in Fig. 1 except that the redox indicator ferrous phenanthroline has been substituted for cerous ion. (Courtesy of Prof. A. T. Winfree, University of…
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from article Oscillatory reaction
Layers of crystallization from an initially uniform magma in the Skaergaard Intrusion in Greenland. (From A. R. McBirney and R. M. Noyes, Crystallization and layering of the Skaergaard Intrusion, J. Petrol., 20:487–554, 1979)
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from article Food manufacturing
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from article Food manufacturing
Average composition of the United States diet dry weight per capita per day. Prior sanctioned substances were specifically approved by FDA or USDA for use in food prior to the passage of the Food Additives Amendment in 1958.
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from article Food manufacturing
Rank ordering of food ingredients by per capita annual disappearance.
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from article Food manufacturing
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from article Food manufacturing
Flow chart of the fiber-spinning technique used to prepare food analogs. (After N. R. Lockmiller, Increased utilization of protein in foods, Cereal Sci. Today, 18(3):77–81, 1973)
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from article Food manufacturing
Typical high-temperature extrusion process for production of a meat or seafood analog. (After O. B. Smith, in L. D. Hill, ed., Textured Vegetable Proteins, World Soybean Research, Interstate Printers and Publishers, 1976)
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from article Food manufacturing
Front view diagram of a horizontal dough mixer.
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from article Food manufacturing
Small integrated bread make-up system. A mass of bread dough is placed in the hopper of the divider (right) which cuts it into pieces of uniform weight. The rounder (center foreground) receives the rough pieces from the divider, forms them into…
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from article Food manufacturing
Tunnel oven. Loaf-size dough pieces enter the oven at left background and are carried through the baking chamber on a continuous metal belt which serves as the hearth. The baked loaves exit at right foreground. Ordinary pan bread would require sets…
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from article Food manufacturing
Schematic for production of shredded wheat biscuits. (After G. A. Leveille and M. A. Uebersax, Fundamentals of food science for the dietician: Wheat products, dietetic currents, vol. 7(1), pp. 1–8, Ross Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, January–February…
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from article Food manufacturing
Small-scale abrasive dehulling machine in (a) upright and (b) dumping positions. (Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon)
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from article Food manufacturing
Flow chart for the preparation of fish meal, condensed fish solubles, and fish oil from whole fish by using the wet process. (Zapata Haynie Corp.)
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from article Food manufacturing
Common market forms of fresh or frozen fish.
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from article Food manufacturing
Processing steps in the canning of tuna.
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from article Food manufacturing
Schematic sectional view of a fish flesh-separating machine to produce minced fish.
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from article Food manufacturing
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from article Food manufacturing
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from article Sol-gel process
Flow chart showing the sol-gel methods used to prepare bulk glasses, thin films of glass or ceramics, and powders; the powders are then sintered to produce ceramics.
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from article Hepaticopsida
Jungermanniidae, the leafy liverworts. (a) Herberta, showing three ranks of equal bifid leaves. (b) Lepidozia, ventral aspect, showing reduced ventral leaves. (c) Leucole jeunea, ventral aspect, showing reduced ventral leaves and complicate dorsal…
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from article Hepaticopsida
Diagram of life cycle of the liverwort Marchantia, indicating stages at which chromosome changes occur. (After H. J. Fuller, The Plant World, rev. ed., Holt, 1951)
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from article Hepaticopsida
Transverse sections through the thallus of Marchantia. (a) Middle portion with scales and rhizoids on the underside. (b) Margin of the thallus more highly magnified. (After H. Kraemer, Applied and Economic Botany, 2d ed., Wiley, 1916)
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from article Hepaticopsida
Marchantia. (a) Example of male gametophyte (antheridial plant) (after H. J. Fuller and O. Tippo, College Botany, Holt, 1949). (b) Section through an antheridial receptacle (after W. J. Robbins and H. W. Rickett, Botany, 3d ed., Van Nostrand, 1939).
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from article Hepaticopsida
Marchantia. (a) Example of female gametophyte (archegonial plant) (after H. J. Fuller and O. Tippo, College Botany, Holt, 1949). (b) Section through an archegonial receptacle (after W. J. Robbins and H. W. Rickett, Botany, 3d ed., Van Nostrand,…
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from article Hepaticopsida
Marchantia sporophyte morphology. (a) Mature archegonial receptacles of sporophytes (after W. J. Robbins and H. W. Rickett, Botany, 3d ed., Van Nostrand, 1939). (b) Marchantia polymorpha, longitudinal section showing the internal structure of a…
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from article Hepaticopsida
Structures involved in vegetative reproduction of Marchantia. (a) Portion of surface of the thallus. Note gemma cup with gemmae (after H. J. Fuller and O. Tippo, College Botany, Holt, 1949). (b) Notched, lens-shaped gemma of M. polymorpha (after G.…
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from article Ergot and ergotism
Ergot life cycle. Parts a–d explained in text.
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from article Turnip
Purple Top turnip (Brassica rapa). (Credit: Stami Kieren Donovan; courtesy of Greenpatch Organic Seeds, Glenthorne, New South Wales, Australia)
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from article Dill
Flowering of dill (Anethum graveolens). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
Scheme for reducing bacterial adhesion at an implanted biomaterial.
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
Microscopic surface structures. (a) Surface atoms occupying positions other than the bulk-terminated locations. The first interlayer spacing d12 is greater than the bulk interlayer spacing d34. The second interlayer spacing d23 is smaller than the…
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
Processes of electron spectroscopies. (a) Auger electron spectroscopy. A core-level electron is ejected by excitation from the incident high-energy electron. A second electron fills the vacancy left by the ejected electron. The third electron, the…
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
Typical configuration for application of optical spectroscopies to surface analysis. (a) Transmission. (b) External or specular reflection. (c) Internal reflection. I = reflected light intensity. I0 = initial light intensity. θi = angle of incidence…
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from article Surface and interfacial chemistry
Scanning tunneling microscopy and images for (a) constant-current mode and (b) constant-height mode; shown only in x dimension for simplicity.
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from article Fiber crops
Cotton, the most important textile fiber crop grown in the world. (Photo by Gary Kramer, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Air armament
Air Superiority Missile Concept.
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from article Air armament
Low-Cost Autonomous Attack System (LOCAAS; formerly Low-Cost Antiarmor Submunition). (a) Autonomous submunition, with length of 30 in. (0.75 m), wingspan of 40 in. (1.0 m), and weight of 90–100 lb (40–45 kg). (b) Various warhead modes.
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from article Agricultural soil and crop practices
A crop of wheat is harvested by a combine harvester, which is a key machine that helps to implement various agricultural soil and crop practices. (Credit: Orientaly/Shutterstock)
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from article Agricultural soil and crop practices
A farmer in a tractor plowing the land for sowing. (Credit: Oticki/Shutterstock)
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from article Agricultural soil and crop practices
A tractor pulls a tilling machine. Stubble remains on the cornfield after the previous harvest. The soil must be properly tilled and cultivated for spring planting. (Credit: Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of…
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from article Agricultural soil and crop practices
A cotton stripper, which harvests a cotton crop by stripping both the cotton and bolls from the stalks. (Credit: David Hughes/Getty Images)
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from article Lignin
Chemical formula representation of lignin, in which bold lines represent linkages between individual phenylpropane lignin monomer units, and shaded area represents the structure of a typical lignin model compound.
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from article Chromium
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from article Tree diseases
White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) on eastern white pine (Pinus strobus). The blisters are masses of aeciospores (rust spores). (Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archive)
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from article Tree diseases
Chestnut blight on an American chestnut tree (Castanea dentata). This devastating disease is caused by Cryphonectria parasitica. (Photo by Joseph O'Brien, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service)
