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The carbohydrates known as monosaccharides, with the chemical formula C6H12O6, and disaccharides, with the chemical formula C12H22O11, used in food as sweeteners. The monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose are the simplest of the sugars.…

A magnitude 5.1 nuclear test was detected 376 km (234 mi) NE of Pyongyang, North Korea (DPRK) on January 6, 2015 at 10:30 a.m. local time (01:30 UTC), according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The event was picked up at seismic stations around…

Whether preparing for Halloween or just a regular day, you can make skull-shaped edibles from this project's 3D candy mold. Like many molds, this one is a hollow container into which you can pour water or hot liquids, such as gelatin, chocolate, or…

Cafestol, C20H28O3, is a compound, specifically a diterpene alcohol, found in coffee beans. It is extracted during the coffee-brewing process and may be present in coffee beverages, depending on the preparation method. Consumption of cafestol in…

Any substance taken into the body primarily for providing nourishment. Chosen carefully, foods can provide all of the essential nutrients required for the normal functioning of the human body. In this context, food is necessary to provide energy,…

A subdiscipline in the field of microbiology concerned with the study of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that grow in or are transmitted by foods. Food microbiology is a broad field that can include not only microbiology, but also sanitation,…

The branch of food science and technology that deals with the practical control of factors capable of adversely affecting the safety, nutritive value, appearance, texture, flavor, and keeping qualities of raw and processed foods. Food preservation…

A medium-sized, spreading evergreen tree (Anacardium occidentale), native to Brazil, which is grown widely in the tropics for its kidney-shaped edible nuts and the resinous oil in the shells. Cashews belong to the family Anacardiaceae in the order…

Any member of the grass family (Poaceae or Gramineae) that produces edible grains usable as food by humans and livestock. Common cereals include rice, wheat, barley, oats, maize (corn), sorghum, rye, and certain millets. Triticale is a cereal…

A perennial herb, Cichorium intybus, with a long taproot; a coarse, branching stem; and a basal rosette of numerous leaves. Chicory (see illustration) is a member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family with a history of cultivation dating back to…

In humans, taste buds on the tongue have sensory receptors that detect the qualities of water-soluble chemicals in food and convert (or transduce) those stimuli to electrical signals. Nerves then carry the signals to the brain, which processes them…

Grasses and legumes that make up grasslands and are consumed by grazing livestock. The grasslands represent an ancient renewable natural resource. They form 25% of the world's vegetation and occupy the largest area of any single plant type. They…

Crop plants that belong to the grass family (Poaceae or Gra­mineae), generally grown for their edible starchy seeds. Grain crops also are referred to as cereal crops and include wheat, rice, corn (maize), barley (see illustration), rye, oats,…

Intensively managed plants cultivated for food or for esthetic purposes. Plant agriculture is divided traditionally into the fields of agronomy (herbaceous field crops, mainly grains, forages, oilseeds, and fiber crops), forestry (forest trees and…

The hard-shelled seed obtained from the fruit of a tropical evergreen tree, genus Macadamia, native to Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. Macadamia trees grow to 15 m (49 ft) in height and have a dense foliage of glossy, leathery leaves.…

The cultivation of plants, primarily trees, that produce nuts. The term nut is used loosely. In general, a nut is defined as any edible fruit or seed enclosed in a hard shell. Botanically, a nut is a hard, indehiscent, one-seeded (nut), pericarp…

The olive tree (Olea europaea) is an ancient cultivated plant that was originally domesticated by early civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean regions. Today, the major olive-producing countries are Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, which…

Chenopodium quinoa, an indigenous pseudocereal of the Andean region of South America. Quinoa (Fig. 1) was one of the first plants to be domesticated in South America, and it is now recognized agronomically as an important crop. It has received…

The plant Crocus sativus, which is a member of the iris family (Iridaceae) in the order Asparagales, and the spice derived from it. Originally a native of Greece and Asia Minor, saffron is now cultivated in various parts of Europe, India, and…

Glycine max, an erect annual legume native to China that is widely cultivated for forage and for its seed, which is a major source of vegetable protein and oil for human and animal consumption and for industrial usage. Introduced from China into…

Crops produced as major sources of sugar, syrup, and other sugar substances. Sugar crops include sugarbeet (also spelled sugar beet), sugarcane, sweet sorghum, sugar maple, sugar palm, honey, corn, and chicory. Sugar is a broad term applied to a…

A mine that either passively listens to a target's sound noises, or periodically interrogates its environment by actively emitting acoustic pulses that may return echoes if prospective targets come within range. A mine is an underwater weapon…

That category of weapons which are typically delivered on target by fixed or rotary-wing aircraft, with the exception of nuclear weapons. Specifically included are guns and ammunition, rockets, free-fall bombs, cluster weapons that consist of a…

All measures required to combat enemy submarines, including strategy, operational employment of forces, tactics, and a wide variety of equipment and weapons to find and destroy submarines and to neutralize their weapons.Goals The key physical facts…

The weapons, equipment, and supplies that permit lethal or nonlethal devices to strike their targets. Armaments can be classified as field artillery, individual and crew-served weapons (infantry), armor and antiarmor, antiaircraft, helicopter…

A weapon that consists of integral rocket propulsion, means of pointing or guiding the weapon's velocity vector to a prescribed orientation at the position and time of rocket engine shutoff or burnout, and a warhead. In certain applications, means…

One of the oldest and most important of the spices. Black pepper is the dried, unripe fruit of a weak climbing vine, Piper nigrum (see illustration), which is a member of the pepper family (Piperaceae). It is a native of India and has spread…

A herbaceous, erect annual plant belonging to the Polygonaceae family (typically the genus Fagopyrum), whose dry seed or grain is used as a source of food and animal feed. Buckwheat is not a true cereal and is one of the very few plants, other than…

An important spice and flavoring agent from the fruits of the white-flowered perennial herb Carum carvi (family Apiaceae). Caraway is a native plant of Europe and western Asia. It is now cultivated in many temperate areas of both hemispheres of the…

A spice from the perennial herbaceous plant Elettaria cardamomum (family Zingiberaceae); alternatively spelled cardamom. The cardamon plant grows to a height of 1.8–3.6 m (6–12 ft) and is native to India. The small, light-colored seeds (see…

An evergreen shrub or small tree, Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), of the laurel family (Lauraceae). The cinnamon plant (see illustration) is a native of Sri Lanka, which is the dominant producer of the world's supply of cinnamon. In…

A shrubby, evergreen citrus tree, Citrus medica, in the order Sapindales cultivated for its edible, large, lemonlike fruit. The citron, a species of true citrus, was very highly valued in ancient times, especially when it was the only known citrus…

The unopened flower bud of a small, conical, symmetrical, evergreen tree, Syzygium aromaticum (also Eugenia caryophyllata), of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Cloves (see illustration) are picked by hand and dried in the sun or by artificial means.…

The dried, nearly ripe fruit (berries) of a climbing vine, Piper cubeba, of the pepper family (Piperaceae). The cubeb species is native to eastern India and Indo-Malaysia. The crushed berries of the cubeb are smoked, and the inhaled smoke produces a…

Equipment used in the production and processing of milk and milk products, including milking machines, cream separators, coolers, pasteurizers, homogenizers, butter-making equipment, evaporators and dryers, and related items of equipment. The…

Potable alcoholic beverages, each obtained by distilling an alcohol-containing liquid and further treating the distillate to obtain a beverage of specific character.Classification The various distilled spirits are classified according to (1) the raw…

The art and science of preserving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum for friendly forces while denying its use to the enemy. This is accomplished via use of techniques, devices, and equipment by an adversary to deny or counteract an enemy's use…

A total sequence of food operations, including the growth and selection of raw materials, harvesting, processing, preservation, and distribution. In general, the aim of all food manufacturing operations is to extend the availability of seasonal…

A hardy perennial, Allium sativum, of Asiatic origin and belonging to the plant order Asparagales. Garlic is grown for its pungent bulbs (see illustration). Segments of these are used primarily for seasoning. Europeans have grown garlic for probably…

An important spice or condiment, and also the plant from which it is obtained, Zingiber officinale, of the family Zingiberaceae (order Zingiberales). The ginger plant is a native of southeastern Asia. It is an erect perennial herb and has thick,…

An uncrewed, controlled-flight vehicle that is guided to a target by guidance and control equipment. This equipment may be carried in the missile vehicle itself, or guidance may be directed from the launch site. The term is generally reserved for…

A commercial dairy food made by freezing while stirring a pasteurized mix of suitable ingredients. The product may include milk fat, nonfat milk solids, or milk-derived ingredients; other ingredients may include corn syrup, water, flavoring, egg…

Intentional generation of interfering signals in the electromagnetic and infrared spectrum by powerful transmitters as a countermeasure intended to block a communication, radar, or infrared system or to impair its effectiveness appreciably. Radio…

A product obtained from the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra) of the legume family [Leguminosae (Fabaceae)]. Licorice (alternatively spelled as liquorice) is a perennial herb that grows wild and is cultivated in southern Europe and in western and…

Solvent removal from the frozen state by sublimation; commonly referred to as freeze-drying. In lyophilization, the dried material, a porous solid, is sealed under vacuum or inert-gas (liquid nitrogen) atmosphere and retains its physical and…

A nonenzymatic chemical reaction involving condensation of an amino group and a reducing group, resulting in the formation of intermediates which ultimately polymerize to form brown pigments (melanoidins). It was named for the French biochemist…

An emulsified fatty food product used as a spread and a baking and cooking fat, consisting of an aqueous phase dispersed in the fat as a continuous phase. Hyppolyte Mège-Mouriés invented margarine in 1869 and won the prize offered by Louis Napoleon…

Aircraft that are designed for highly specialized military applications. Fixed-wing aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, free-flight balloons, and blimps have all been used in both crewed and crewless flight modes for military purposes.Uninhabited aerial…

Artificial satellites used for a variety of military purposes. Of approximately 4000 satellites successfully launched between 1957 and 1999, about 50% have been either specifically military or usable for military purposes. Major functions of…