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from article Set theory
Sets of points on a plane.
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from article Set theory
Vertical projection of set X onto segment Y.
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from article Polygon
Triangle ABC with nine-point circle. Symbols are explained in text.
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from article Polygon
Regular pentagon, showing approximate construction without a protractor. Symbols are explained in text.
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from article Polygon
Polar triangles A, B, C and A′, B′, C′. The center of the sphere is at O. AQ and PB are 90° arcs, so angle C′ = arc PQ is the supplement of AB.
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from article Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
High-energy nuclear collision. The participant nucleons in the projectile and target transiently form a hot and dense fireball, while the spectator nucleons remain relatively undisturbed. The fireball will subsequently expand and emit a large number…
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from article Epicycloid
Diagram of an epicycloid.
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from article Plant-water relations
Water transport system in plants. The xylem (the principal water-conducting tissue) is continuous from the roots through the stem to the leaves. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Plant-water relations
Relationship of water and turgor pressure in plants: (a) the plant cells in a wilted plant need water; (b) after water enters the plant, the plant cells become turgid. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Plant-water relations
Light-microscope view of a stoma on a plant cell. (Credit: Bumbim/Stockimo/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Plant-water relations
Daily periodicity of transpiration of alfalfa on three successive days with adequate light, temperature, and soil water conditions. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Plant-water relations
Colored scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a section through wood showing the phloem vessels (dark green holes) and xylem tissue (lower frame). (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Getty Images)
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from article Epitaxial structures
Matching of lattice planes between the substrate and the epitaxial layer by (a) expansion or contraction of lattice plane, (b) in-plane rotation, and (c) tilting (out-of-plane rotation).
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from article Epitaxial structures
Misfit accommodation occurs (a) between the epitaxial layer and the substrate through the presence of interfacial misfit dislocations and (b) by atomic steps at an interface where the epitaxial film is tilted with respect to the substrate.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Schematic illustration of the tetragonal distortion effect to accommodate purely dilational strained-layer epitaxial structure.
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from article Epitaxial structures
Modes of epitaxial growth: (a) Frank–van der Merwe mode producing a complete wetting of epitaxial layers. (b) Volmer-Weber mode with totally incomplete wetting resulting in an island growth structure. (c) Stranski- Krastanov mode with initial layer…
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from article Plant communication
Hillsides in central California covered by hard chaparral composed almost entirely of chemise shrubs. Chemise (also spelled chamise) produces allelopathic chemicals that, through plant communication, inhibit the germination of seeds and the…
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from article Greenhouse
A greenhouse is a transparent, enclosed, climate-controlled structure in which young, tender, or out-of-season plants are cultivated and protected. (Credit: Antema/Getty Images)
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from article Greenhouse
Common commercial greenhouse shapes are the hoop, arch, and gable.
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from article Greenhouse
Interior of an agricultural high tunnel. Long rows of fresh green lettuce are being cultivated. (Credit: Photology1971/Shutterstock)
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from article Greenhouse
Modern greenhouses utilize computerized technologies to control and regulate various environmental parameters, including air temperature, air movement, carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, and supplemental light. (Credit:…
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from article Electroluminescence
Structure of powdered-phosphor (Destriau) electroluminescent cell, edge view (not to scale).
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from article Electroluminescence
Structure of a thin-film electroluminescent matrix display. (After J. Kuwata et al., Feasibility of a 40 × 40 cm2 TFEL display with 2000 × 2000 lines operating at 50W, Society for Information Display Digest, pp. 297–300, 1988)
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from article Electroluminescence
Brightness-voltage characteristics of some zinc sulfide thin-film electroluminescent devices as a function of activator, insulating film, and operating frequency. (After R. Mach and G. O. Müller, Physical concepts of high-field thin-film…
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from article Quantum chromodynamics
Screening in electrodynamics. (a) Polarization of a dielectric medium by a test charge. (b) Feynman diagram contributing to vacuum polarization.
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from article Quantum chromodynamics
Screening and antiscreening in quantum chromodynamics. (a) Screening of a colored quark by vacuum polarization. Color charges are denoted by R = red, R = anti-red, B = blue, B = anti-blue, G = green, G = anti-green. (b) Feynman diagram contributing…
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from article Quantum chromodynamics
High-energy proton-antiproton collisions. (a) Parton-model description of a violent collision between constituents of a proton and an antiproton. The active particles may be quarks, antiquarks, or gluons. (b) The most energetic two-jet event yet…
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from article Quantum chromodynamics
Structure of the proton as observed with probes of increasing resolution. (a) Quarks appear as simple and noninteracting objects under “low magnification.” (b–d) Quarks reveal increasing complexity because of their interactions with gluons as…
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from article Quantum chromodynamics
Spectra of bound particle-antiparticle systems. (a) Positronium. (b) ψ/J family, known as charmonium.
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from article Seed
Basic eudicot (bean) and monocot (corn) seed structure and germination. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Seed
Seed structures: (a) median longitudinal section of pea ovule shortly after fertilization, showing attachment to pod tissues; (b) mature kidney bean; (c) mature castor bean; (d) opened embryo of mature kidney bean. Scale bar = (a, b) 0.5 mm (0.02…
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from article Seed
In this longitudinal section of a castor bean seed, the median embryo is surrounded by copious endosperm. Scale bar = 1 mm (0.04 in.). (Credit: Steven P. Lynch)
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from article Seed
Seed dormancy and viability during development under (a) field conditions and (b) greenhouse conditions. Black medick (Medicago lupulina) seeds were detached from the plant and tested for germination. Three phases of germinability occurred depending…
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from article Seed
A germinating cabbage seed in soil with the root developing with root hair. (Credit: Nigel Cattlin/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Currant
American black currants (Ribes americanum). (Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA)
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from article Currant
Flowering branch of golden currant (Ribes aureum). (Photo courtesy of Susan McDougall )
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagram of a surface barrier as employed in an n-type semiconductor.
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagram for a metal (left) and an n-type semiconductor (right). E0 is the potential energy of an electron outside the material, Ec is the energy at the bottom of the conduction band, and Ev is the energy at the top of the valence band. (a)…
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagrams of a rectifying contact between a metal and a semiconductor: (a) n-type semiconductor; (b) p-type semiconductor.
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from article Semiconductor
Energy diagrams of a rectifying contact between a metal and an n-type semiconductor under an applied voltage V. (a) Positive semiconductor. There is a net flow of electrons from metal to semiconductor. (b) Negative semiconductor. There is a net flow…
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from article Photosynthesis
A simplified diagram of a chloroplast is used to delineate the overall process of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts in the plant cells of leaves absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy, which is used to synthesize carbohydrates (CH2O) and…
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from article Photosynthesis
The photosynthetic electron transport system provides the means to drive the process of oxygenic photosynthesis, which involves the oxidation of water (H2O) to produce oxygen (O2) molecules. These oxygen molecules are then released into the…
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from article Photosynthesis
A typical chloroplast: (a) schematic diagram of a higher plant chloroplast; (b) electron micrograph of a chloroplast. (Credit: Based on original images provided by L. Taiz and E. Zeiger)
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from article Photosynthesis
A diagram of the four major protein complexes of the thylakoid membrane. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Photosynthesis
Absorption spectra of three photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the carotenoids. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Photosynthesis
Schematic outline of the C3 (Calvin-Benson-Bassham) carbon dioxide assimilation cycle (including the three phases of carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration), showing the partitioning of assimilated carbon into starch within the chloroplast [via…
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from article Photosynthesis
Colorized structural model of Rubisco. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Photosynthesis
Schematic outline of the C4 carbon dioxide assimilation process in the mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells of a type-1 NADP-ME plant. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Photosynthesis
Scheme for the flow of CO2 within a single crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) cell over a day, showing the initial dark CO2 fixation, malic acid storage in the vacuole at night, decarboxylation, and the C3 cycle occurring the next day. (Copyright ©…
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from article Fruit
Tissue components of fruit of Prunus persica (peach). (a) Longitudinal section of fruit, a drupe. Circles indicate positions of sections shown in b–e, which are representative of a young fruit about 1 in. (2.5 cm) in diameter. (b) Epidermal hair of…
