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from article Tangent
Line L tangent to curve C at P.
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from article Intermolecular forces
Schematic diagram of intermolecular interaction. (a) There is negligible interaction between atoms that are 1 nm apart. (b) For atoms separated by about 0.8 nm or less, attractive dispersion forces result from correlated fluctuations of the electron…
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from article Negative refraction
Refraction: Diagrams of (a) positive refraction and (b) negative refraction; and calculated images of a metal rod (c) in a glass filled with regular water (n = 1.3), and (d) in a glass filled with “ negative-index water ” (n = −1.3). In parts a and…
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from article Negative refraction
Schematics of (a) superlens, (b) hyperlens, and (c) imaging system using a hyperlens. In parts a and b, solid lines correspond to the propagating field components, broken lines correspond to the evanescent field components.
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from article Negative refraction
Cloaking. (a) The transformation of a cylindrical region r < b into a concentric cylindrical shell a < r < b and an enlarged section of a nonmagnetic optical cloak built with metal wires embedded in a dielectric host. (b) Numerical simulations of an…
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from article Masking of sound
Three psychophysical tuning curves, showing the tonal masking effects for tonal signals of 300, 1000, or 3000 Hz. (After F. L. Wightman et al. Factors influencing frequency selectivity in normal and hearing-impaired listeners, in E. F. Evans and J.…
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from article Masking of sound
Width of the critical band in hertz as a function of signal frequency.
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from article Masking of sound
Relative amount of masking obtained in forward, simultaneous, and backward masking. (After W. A. Yost, Fundamentals of Hearing: An Introduction, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, 2000)
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from article Masking of sound
Masking of a 1000-Hz pure-tone signal in forward masking when the masker is a two-tone complex consisting of a 1000-Hz masker and a second tone. (a) Threshold of signal for the two-tone masker relative to that obtained when only the 1000-Hz tone…
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from article Sound absorption
Absorption of sound in air at 20°C (68°F) and various values of relative humidity. (From L. E. Kinsler et al., Fundamentals of Acoustics, 3d ed., Wiley, 1982; used by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
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from article Sound absorption
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from article Sound absorption
Depiction of direct and reflected sound in a room with varying wall properties.
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from article Sound absorption
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from article Radiation
Crepuscular rays, which are shafts of air illuminated by electromagnetic radiation (light) radiating from the Sun. [Credit: Danny Chapman / Flickr/ Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic ( CC BY-SA 2.0 )]
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from article Radiation
Illustration of gravitational radiation generated by the impending merger of two neutron stars. (Credit: R. Hurt/Caltech-JPL)
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from article Centroids (mathematics)
Notation of integral equations for centroids. (a) Centroid of line. (b) Centroid of area.
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from article Centroids (mathematics)
Determination of centroids by summation. (a) Centroid of line. (b) Centroid of area.
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from article Centroids (mathematics)
Plane areas symmetric about a line.
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from article Centroids (mathematics)
Plane area symmetric about a point.
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from article Centroids (mathematics)
Use of the centroid of a line to find area of a face of revolution, according to Pappus' theorem.
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from article Doppler effect
The acoustical Doppler effect experienced by hearers of an ambulance siren. The sound waves emitted by the approaching ambulance compress into a higher frequency, resulting in a higher perceived pitch by the listener on the right. For the listener…
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from article Doppler effect
Motions of source, receiver, and propagating sound that produce the acoustical Doppler effect.
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from article Doppler effect
Motions of source and propagating light, in the system of the receiver, that produce the optical Doppler effect.
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from article Alpha particles
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from article Alpha particles
Locations of known alpha emitters on the chart of nuclides are shown in color. Boxes are included for all nuclides with proton number Z> 49 which have been observed. The fraction of the time that a particular nuclide decays by alpha-particle…
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from article Alpha particles
Range-energy relationship for alpha particles in silicon. 1 cm = 0.4 in.
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from article Alpha particles
Bragg curve for single alpha particle in air. The stopping power (specific ionization) in ion pairs per centimeter of air is plotted against residual range (distance from end of alpha particle's path) in centimeters. 1 cm = 0.4 in.
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from article Vernier
Two types of vernier scales. (a) Direct (reading 3.6). (b) Retrograde (reading 12.7).
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from article Lagrange's equations
The vector dr is decomposed into three orthogonal vectors of magnitudes r sin θ dϕ, rdθ, and dr, respectively, r, θ, and ϕ being spherical coordinates of the terminus of the vector r.
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from article Lagrange's equations
X, Y, and Z are Cartesian coordinates of the center of mass of dumbbell m1m2; θ and ϕ are the polar angles of the dumbbell axis in a set of axes parallel to fixed set of axes and with origin at center of mass.
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from article Hyperbola
Hyperbola as a conic section.
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from article Hyperbola
Hyperbola as a locus of points.
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from article Fluids
Probability of finding molecular centers at various separations in gases, liquids, and solids.
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from article Fluids
Conditions of pure-component phase behavior.
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from article Fluids
Behavior of pure-component pressures with density at various temperatures.
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from article Fluids
Behavior of pure-component compressibility factors with pressure at various temperatures.
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from article Giant nuclear resonances
Cross section of neutrons produced by gamma-ray bombardment as a function of the gamma-ray energy Eγ. The large peak is due to the giant electric dipole resonance. 1 barn = 10−28 m2. (After A. Veyssiere et al., Photoneutron cross sections of 208Pb…
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from article Giant nuclear resonances
Partial spectra of 120-MeV alpha particles scattered inelastically from lead-208 at angles of (a) 0° to 1.5° and (b) 1.5° to 3°. The broad peaks at excitation energies Ex near 11 and 14 MeV are the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance and the…
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from article Giant nuclear resonances
Spectrum of neutrons emitted at 0° by bombarding zirconium-90 with 200-MeV protons. The broad peak at excitation energy Ex near 9 MeV is the giant Gamow-Teller resonance. (After T. N. Taddeucci, Polarization transfer in (p, n) reactions, Can. Phys.,…
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from article Photonic integrated circuits
Schematic cross section of the basic building blocks for InP-based PICs. SOA = semiconductor optical amplifier. (From M. Smit et al., 2014, published under a Creative Commons BY 3.0 license)
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from article Photonic integrated circuits
InP-based multiproject wafer (MPW) incorporating multiple PIC designs. (From M. Smit et al., 2014, published under a Creative Commons BY 3.0 license)
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from article Photonic integrated circuits
Cross-sectional view of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide.
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from article Photonic integrated circuits
Building blocks of silicon photonics–based PICs. (Credit: Phil Saunders)
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from article Photonic integrated circuits
Silicon photonics–based PIC with heterogeneously integrated GaSb photodiodes for spectroscopic glucose sensing. (Credit: imec, Belgium)
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from article Tuning fork
Tuning fork vibrating at its fundamental frequency.
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from article Electret
Schematic cross sections of electrets. (a) Solid electret disk metallized on one side with real charges (surface and space charges) and dipolar charges. (b) Cellular electret metallized on both sides with charges of opposite polarities on the upper…
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from article Turbulent flow
Two-dimensional image of an axisymmetric water jet, obtained by the laser-induced fluorescence technique. A neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser beam, shaped into a sheet of 250-micrometer thickness by using suitable lenses, was directed into a…
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from article Turbulent flow
Typical signals of ε′, a component of the turbulent energy dissipation, normalized by its mean value 〈ε′〉. (a) Signal obtained in a laboratory turbulent boundary layer at a moderate Reynolds number (defined suitably). (b) Signal obtained in the…
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from article Magnon
Spin wave in a linear ferromagnetic array of precessing atomic spins of equal magnitude, represented as arrows (vectors) in perspective. The axis of precession is along the vertical direction of the total magnetization, M.
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from article Supersymmetry
Dependence of the inverses of the three gauge coupling strengths, α1−1, α2−1, and α3−1, upon energy, μ, within the supersymmetric extension of the standard model. The difference in mass between the observed particles and their hypothesized…
