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from article Amino acid
Structural formula for an amino acid. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
The 20 amino acids that serve as the building blocks for proteins. These amino acids (shown with their respective three-letter abbreviations) can be divided into nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged groups. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
Synthesis of a dipeptide. When an amino group of one amino acid is linked to the carboxyl group of another amino acid, a peptide bond linkage is formed. A molecule of water (H2O) is split out when a peptide bond is formed. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Amino acid
Two-dimensional chromatogram of a protein. (Credit: R. J. Block, E. L. Durrum, and G. Zweig)
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Spindle transfer involves the excision of the metaphase II spindle from a donor egg and replacing it with the metaphase II spindle from the affected egg. The metaphase II spindle contains the condensed chromosomes of the egg's haploid genome. Terms:…
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Cytoplasmic transplantation involves the addition of a donor's ooplasm (cytoplasm in an oocyte) to the recipient oocyte prior to fertilization. Terms: ICSI, intracytoplasmic sperm injection; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; nDNA, nuclear DNA. (Credit:…
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from article Mitochondrial replacement therapy
Pronuclear transfer requires that both the donor and affected eggs be fertilized by the father's sperm simultaneously in vitro. Following fertilization and once pronuclei are visible by microscopy, the two pronuclei from the donor egg are removed,…
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from article Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is caused by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Left) Colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicting some of the ultrastructural details seen in the cell wall configuration of a number of Gram-positive…
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from article Tuberculosis
Annual number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States from 1992 to 2017. During this time period, there has been a decline in the prevalence of tuberculosis. However, the progression of decline has slowed since 2013 (indicated by the purple…
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from article Tuberculosis
Skin testing for tuberculosis, using the Mantoux test. (a) Tuberculin PPD (purified protein derivative) is injected into the dermis. A small bleb develops, but is absorbed within a short time. (b) After 48–72 h, the skin reaction is read and given a…
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from article Tuberculosis
Chest radiograph (posteroanterior view) showing extensive tuberculosis with cavitation in the right lung. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Oncology
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a human brain showing a tumor. The bright blue color indicates the location where the brain cancer metastasizes in the occipital lobe. (Credit: Leon Kaufman, University of California, San Francisco/National Cancer…
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from article Oncology
Human malignant osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cells taken from a leg mass. (Credit: Lance Liotta/National Cancer Institute)
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from article Oncology
Light micrograph of an adenocarcinoma of the colon. The tumor cells have made several acini, containing mucinous material and inflammatory cells. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Oncology
Light micrograph of a section through a squamous carcinoma of the skin. Whorls of enclosed keratin (green, center left) are a common feature. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo)
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from article Oncology
Gompertzian growth kinetics. (a) Growth fraction declines exponentially over time. (b) Growth rate of a tumor, which is a measure of the absolute number of dividing cells plotted as a function of time. (c) Tumor size as a function of time.
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from article Dendrochronology
Ring patterns showing complacent and sensitive ring series. (a) Climate has minimal effect on ring widths when trees have ample moisture every year. (b) Maximum ring-width variations occur on sites where growth is limited by factors that vary from…
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from article Dendrochronology
Core being taken from a tree with an increment borer. (Courtesy of Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona)
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from article Dendrochronology
Chronology building. Chronologies are extended backward in time by matching patterns of wood samples whose ages overlap.
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from article Dendrochronology
Skeleton plot (top) from an idealized tree-ring sequence in a specimen (bottom). Ring widths are represented by vertical lines in inverse proportion; that is, tall lines represent narrow rings. An exceptionally wide ring is designated by the letter…
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from article Dendrochronology
Bristlecone pines, which attain ages of more than 4000 years, form the basis for the second longest chronology yet developed. (Courtesy of Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona)
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from article Vitamin D
Conversion of vitamin D to its active form (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) in the human body. Vitamin D3 can be produced in skin by the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. It also can be obtained from the diet. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill…
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from article Tumor
Light micrograph of malignant tumor cells in colon tissue. The cancerous tumor cells have made several acini (saclike structures) containing mucinous material and inflammatory cells. (Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock…
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from article Tumor
Colored magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of an axial section through the brain showing a metastatic tumor (colored red and yellow). Metastatic cancer is a secondary disease spread from cancer elsewhere in the body. Metastatic brain tumors are…
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from article Paleoindian
Location of some important North American Paleoindian sites during the late-Pleistocene Ice Age.
