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from article Population dispersion
Basic patterns of the dispersion of individuals in a population. (a) Random. (b) Uniform. (c) Clumped, but groups random. (After E. P. Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders, 1953)
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from article Population dispersion
Distances measured in four methods of plotless sampling. (a) Closest individual. (b) Nearest neighbor. (c) Random pairs, with 180° exclusion angle. (d) Point-centered quarter. The cross represents the sampling point in each case. (After P.…
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from article Pseudoscorpionida
An unidentified pseudoscorpion species of the family Atemnidae. (Photo copyright © Gonzalo Giribet)
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from article Pseudoscorpionida
Synsphyronus apimelus, a pseudoscorpion belonging to the family Garypidae. (Photo copyright © Gonzalo Giribet)
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from article Pseudoscorpionida
Pseudoscorpion morphology. (a) Adult, in two views. (b) Chelicera of a male pseudoscorpion. (Illustration based on an original by H. S. Pratt)
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from article Island biogeography
Equilibrium number of species (Sequilibrium) is determined by the intersection of the immigration ( I ) and extinction ( E ) rate curves. P is the maximum number of species in the source pool.
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from article Biofilm
Biofilms are highly structured communities of microorganisms that are surface-associated or attached to one another, and are enclosed within a self-produced protective extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation and actions involve a number of stages:…
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from article Ecosystem
Levels of organization in ecosystems, which involve both biotic (living) components and abiotic (nonliving, physical) components. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
General model of energy flow through ecosystems. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Ecosystem
Food chains are limited by energy transfer. In this illustration, energy is transferred from the Sun to a plant (producer) to a primary consumer and to a secondary consumer. Energy is used by the producer and consumer organisms and is lost to the…
