Search Results

An impurity atom in a semiconductor which can accept or take up one or more electrons from the crystal and become negatively charged. An atom which substitutes for a regular atom of the material but has one less valence electron may be expected to…

A method of nondestructive testing and materials characterization that uses mechanical waves moving through materials. It is similar to seismology, except in being concerned with the scale of engineering structures, such as aircraft, bridges, and…

A powdered, granular, or pelleted form of amorphous carbon characterized by very large surface area per unit volume because of an enormous number of fine pores. Activated carbon is capable of collecting gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the…

The modification of sound fields by using additional sound transmitted from loudspeakers. The signals from the loudspeakers are controlled electronically by using digital signal processing techniques. Physical principles The physical principle…

A specific system or procedure for determining accurate manufacturing costs in order to achieve profitability goals. Traditional accounting systems allocate overhead costs by using a volume-oriented base, such as direct labor hours or direct…

A special type of nonlinear control system which can alter its parameters to adapt to a changing environment. The changes in environment can represent variations in process dynamics or changes in the characteristics of the disturbances.Nonlinear…

An approach to management of natural resources that emphasizes how little is known about the dynamics of ecosystems and that, as more is learned, management will evolve and improve. Adaptive management is a systematic strategy that seeks to improve…

A wing is the primary lift-generating surface of an aircraft. Adaptive wings—also known as smart, compliant, intelligent, morphing, controllable, and reactive wings—are lifting surfaces that can change their shape in flight to achieve optimal…