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A system for data storage in which digitally encoded information in the form of microscopic pits on a rotating disk is accessed by optical readout. The compact disk (Fig. 1) was originally developed as a music carrier providing high fidelity, random…

The process of protecting against threats to computing systems. A threat is an event that can cause harm to computers, data or programs, or computations (Fig. 1). A failure of computer security occurs because of a vulnerability or weakness in a…

Complex systems in which computers play a major role. While complex physical systems and sophisticated software systems can help people to lead healthier and more enjoyable lives, reliance on these systems can also result in loss of money, time, and…

Interference in a communications channel (disturbed channel) caused by activity in other communications channels (disturbing channels). The term was originally used to denote the presence in a telephone receiver of unwanted speech signals from other…

The various mechanisms for data confidentiality, data authentication, and nonrepudiation (that is, the property to prevent the denial of previous commitments or actions). Cryptography, with a long history of being an art of secret writing, has…

A multidisciplinary field for analyzing large amounts of data—current and past (historical)—which are processed using tools and methods from statistics, applied mathematics, artificial intelligence, and computer programming, with the object of…