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An article from Science News May 2020
Pollen-deprived bumblebees may speed up plant blooming by biting leaves
An article from Science News Apr 2020
Ancient recipes led scientists to a long-lost natural blue
An article from Science News Dec 2019
Flooding Earth’s atmosphere with oxygen may not have needed a triggering event
An article from Science News Nov 2019
The first artificial material that follows sunlight may upgrade solar panels
An article from Science News Aug 2019
Ocean acidification could weaken diatoms’ glass houses
An article from Science News Jul 2019
The largest seaweed bloom ever detected spanned the Atlantic in 2018
An article from Science News Jul 2019
These fungi drug cicadas with psilocybin or amphetamine to make them mate nonstop
An article from Science News May 2019
How allergens in pollen help plants do more than make you sneeze
An article from Science News May 2018
A caterpillar outwits corn defenses by gorging on fattening ‘junk’ food
An article from Science News May 2018
This AI uses the same kind of brain wiring as mammals to navigate
An article from Science News Apr 2018
Rising CO2 levels might not be as good for plants as we thought
An article from Science News Feb 2018
The flowers that give us chocolate are ridiculously hard to pollinate
An article from Science News Feb 2018
Pollinators are usually safe from a Venus flytrap
An article from Science News Oct 2017
Gut fungi might be linked to obesity and inflammatory bowel disorders
An article from Science News Sep 2017
When a fungus invades the lungs, immune cells can tell it to self-destruct
An article from Science News Sep 2017
Pollen hitches a ride on bees in all the right spots
An article from Science News May 2017
When it’s hot, plants become a surprisingly large source of air pollution
An article from Science News Mar 2017
How to grow toxin-free corn
An article from Science News Jan 2017
Meat-eating pitcher plants raise deathtraps to an art
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from article Forensic botany
Surface of a green bean pod, showing its spines using (a) light microscope (courtesy of David O. Norris) and (b) scanning electron microscope (courtesy of Meredith Lane).
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from article Lichens
The ascolichen Teloschistes chrysophthalmus. (Credit: Jason Hollinger)
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from article Lichens
Cuplike lichens of the genus Cladonia. (Credit: Jacinta Lluch Valero)
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from article Ebony
Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana). (Photograph by Dot Paul, National Resources Conservation Service, USDA)
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from article Sextant
Marine sextant.
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from article Sextant
Periscopic sextant for use in aircraft.
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from article Wheat
A sheaf of wheat (Triticum) surrounded by some small piles of seed (grain). (Credit: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
A combined harvester-thresher is used to harvest wheat. (Credit: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
Adaptation regions for wheat in the United States. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
Wheat (Triticum) growing in a field. The wheat inflorescence is a spike bearing sessile spikelets arranged alternately on a zigzag rachis (main axis). (Credit: Tim McCabe/Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wheat
Black stem rust of wheat, which produces urediniospores in reddish-brown pustules. The fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is responsible for this plant disease. The inset shows a close-up view of an infected stem. (Credit: Agricultural Research…
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from article Wheat
Loose smut of wheat, caused by Ustilago tritici. (Credit: Erik Stromberg/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
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from article Apical dominance
Model of strigolactone production. Auxin promotes genes (listed below the arrow) required for strigolactone biosynthesis. This can occur in roots and shoots. Strigolactones move into the bud region and are perceived by the F-box response protein,…
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from article Apical dominance
Simplified view of the interaction of three branching hormones. Auxin promotes production of strigolactones (SL), whereas limiting that of cytokinins (CK) at bud nodes. This blocks bud outgrowth in intact plants (left). After decapitation, supply of…
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from article Plant phylogeny
A phylogeny of the major groups of plants, showing the history of diversification from a common ancestor (left). The origin of plants in an endosymbiotic event is not depicted, nor are later secondary endosymbiotic events. Major groups are enclosed…
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from article Plant phylogeny
Primary and secondary endosymbiotic events in the history of plants. Plants originated in a primary endosymbiotic event, when a prokaryotic photosynthetic cyanobacterial cell was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell and maintained as a plastid. This line…
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from article Plant phylogeny
The life cycle of a fern, involving the alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte generations. Reproduction by sporophytes yields gametophytes, and reproduction by gametophytes yields sporophytes. A complete life cycle begins with either a…
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from article Tupelo
Leaves of black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica). (Photograph courtesy of Larry Allain, USGS National Wetlands Research Center)
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from article Kentucky coffee tree
Seeds of the Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica). (Photo courtesy of Steve Hurst, ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)
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from article Kentucky coffee tree
Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica). (a) Parts of branch showing leaf scars and winter buds. (b) Branch.
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from article Air-traffic control
Terminal radar controller's plan view display. Aircraft positions are shown by radar returns. Display is centered on primary airport with parallel and intersecting runways. Range rings are spaced 5 mi (9 km) apart. Airspace within boundary and above…
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from article Lepidodendrales
Reconstructions of tree-sized Carboniferous rhizomorphic tree-lycopsids, illustrating architectural variation. (After R. M. Bateman et al., Experimental cladistic analysis of anatomically preserved arborescent lycopsids from the Carboniferous of…
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from article Lepidodendrales
Primitive bisexual cone of the Flemingites type, borne by Paralycopodites, with apically concentrated microsporangia and basally concentrated megasporangia containing several megaspores. (After C. A. Arnold, An Introduction to Paleobotany,…
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from article Fungi
Porcini mushrooms (Boletus edulis) are members of the Basidiomycota division of Fungi. (Credit: Digoarpi/Shutterstock)
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from article Fungi
Spore types (upper illustrations) and structures of parent mycelia (lower illustrations) in fungi.
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from article Fungi
Sporangia of saprophytic Rhizopus. (Credit: Richard Gross; copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Fungi
Sexual mechanisms in fungi: (a) gametic copulation; (b) gametangial copulation; (c) gamete-gametangial copulation; and (d) somatic copulation.
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from article Fungi
Colorized scanning electron micrograph of brewer's yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This fungus consists of single vegetative cells, and small daughter cells can be seen budding off from the larger cells. Brewer's yeast is used in the…
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from article Apple
Empire apple (Malus pumila). (Credit: Peggy Greb/Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Apple
Apple trees in an orchard in late autumn. (Credit: Sandrine Bouvier/Alamy)
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from article Pericycle
Pericycles. (a) Part of transection of root Actaea alba, including xylem and phloem. Pericycle thin-walled and one cell in radial dimension. (b) Part of transection of root of Smilax herbacea, including phloem. Pericycle thick-walled and four or…
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from article Pericycle
Transection of central part of sugarbeet. (After K. Esau, Hilgardia, 9(8), 1935)
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from article Wood anatomy
Annual tree rings are distinct features of wood anatomy. The combined concentric bands of light and dark areas can help investigators to determine the age of a tree. (Credit: DrimaFilm/Shutterstock)
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from article Wood anatomy
Light micrograph of a section through the stem of a lime tree (genus Tilia). The pith is at the center and is surrounded by a layer of wood (xylem). A thin cambium separates this from the phloem. An outer layer of collenchyma is enclosed by the…
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from article Wood anatomy
Structure of a typical hardwood. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Wood anatomy
Structure of a typical softwood. (Credit: U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Arales
Anthurium andraeanum (flamingo lily). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Potato, Irish
Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum). (Photo by Peggy Greb, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Potato, Irish
Diagram of a potato plant. [Adapted from R. E. Thornton and J. B. Sieczka (eds.), Commercial Potato Production in North America, Potato Association of America, Orono, ME, 1980]
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from article Potato, Irish
Irish potato tubers infected by late blight (Phytophthora infestans). (Photo by G. D. Franc; Bugwood.org)
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from article Persian melon
Persian melon (Cucumis melo). (Photo by Mehrdad Aref-Adib)
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from article Fruit, tree
Apple trees growing in an orchard. (Photo by Charles Rondeau)
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from article Fruit, tree
Apple scab on fruit. This disease, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, leads to unsightly blemishes on ripe apples. (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Fruit, tree
Brown rot, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola, on a peach. (Photo by Jonas Janner Hamann, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil)
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from article Fruit, tree
Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, on apple fruits and leaves. (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Fruit, tree
Blue mold (Penicillium italicum) on a rotting orange. (Photo by G. L. Barron)
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from article Funariales
Funariales sporophytes. (a) Funaria hygrometrica, entire plant (after H. S. Conard, How To Know the Mosses, Jaques, 1944); (b) deoperculate capsule; (c) capsule tip enlarged. (d) Physcomitrium turbinatum (P. pyriform), entire plant; (e) capsule…
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
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from article Lignin-degrading fungi
Close-up view of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies growing naturally on a dead tree log. The common name of oyster mushroom comes from the shell-like appearance of the fruiting body. Note the characteristic eccentric caps.
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from article Cryptochrome
Role of cryptochromes (CRY) in the sunlight-induced regulation of stem elongation and flowering time in plants. Via signal transduction through cryptochromes, sunlight directly stimulates both gene transcription in the nucleus and protein…
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from article Cryptochrome
Functions of cryptochromes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cryptochromes (CRY) and melanopsins (MOP) can mediate light signals for the photo-entrainment of the circadian clock. In addition, CRY acts as a component of the negative-feedback loop…
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from article Cryptochrome
Basic structure of cryptochromes, emphasizing the lack of a C-terminal extension in photolyase and the different sizes of C-terminal extensions in cryptochromes from various species. PHR indicates photolyase or photolyase-related regions. MTHF…
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from article Star tracker
Strapdown satellite star tracker. (a) Mounting of system on the satellite. (b) Star tracker in housing. (Northrop Grumman Corp.)
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from article Star tracker
Silicon focal-plane arrays. (Northrop Grumman Corp.)
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from article Grimmiales
Grimmia apocarpa; grows generally on rock. (a) Leaf. (b) Portion of base of leaf. (c) Apex of leaf. (d) Urn and peristome. (e) Capsule. (After W. H. Welch, Mosses of Indiana, Indiana Department of Conservation, 1957)
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from article Corallinales
Articulated coralline red algae (genus Calliarthron, order Corallinales) found off the California coast in the Pacific Ocean. (Photo by Steve Lonhart, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Laminariales
Laminaria: (a) sporophyte; (b) cross section of blade, showing a sorus of unilocular sporangia interspersed with sterile hairs (paraphyses); (c) zoospore; (d) male gametophyte with antheridia; (e) antherozoid (sperm); (f) female gametophyte with…
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from article Laminariales
Giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) can grow up to 0.6 m (2 ft) per day. Note the series of frond blades, with each subtended by a bladder. (Photo courtesy of Charlotte Stevenson, University of Southern California Sea Grant, Los Angeles)
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from article Pottiales
Tortula ruralis. (a) Entire plant. (b) Leaf. (c) Urn with calyptra. (d) Peristome. (After W. H. Welch, Mosses of Indiana, Indiana Department of Conservation, 1957)
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from article Parenchyma
Schematic representation of a group of cells from parenchyma of Asparagus root, illustrating regular arrangement of cells in a compact tissue.
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from article Parenchyma
Transverse section of a leaf of Tolmiea menziesii, showing mesophyll or chlorenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces. (Photograph by R. B. Wylie)
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from article Parenchyma
Section of Olearia rami leaf cut parallel to surface, showing mesophyll or chlorenchyma with prominent intercellular spaces. (Photograph by R. B. Wylie)
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from article Bluegrass
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Phytoalexins
Plants (left) respond to pathogenic attacks (such as caused by fungi; right) by producing phytoalexins. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Phytoalexins
Structures of various phytoalexins: ipomeamarone, glyceollin I, momilactone A, gossypol, and capsidiol. (Copyright © McGraw Hill)
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from article Polygonales
Coastal jointweed (Polygonella articulata), a characteristic member of the former order Polygonales, now reassigned to the order Caryophyllales. (Photo by Rob Routledge)
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from article Sandalwood
Coast sandalwood (Santalum ellipticum) of Hawaii. (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Doppler VOR
Collocation of Doppler VOR and TACAN beacons installed on 100-foot high (30-m) tower with a counterpoise of 119-ft (36-m) diameter in forest near Frankfurt, Germany. Circular array consists of 39 loop antennas fed by solid-state commutator. Center…
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from article Doppler VOR
Principle of Doppler VOR beacon. Reference signal R and bearing signal V which is generated by dipole d are shown as they would be measured in aircraft to the north, east, south, and west of the beacon. (a) Dipole d at 180°. (b) Dipole d at 270°.…
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from article Doppler VOR
Comparison of radial flight recordings. (a) From VOR installation. (b) From DVOR installation. Both experimental beacons were located at same unfavorable site. Plane is flying constant course at bearing of 133° from beacons at 4000-ft (1.2-km)…
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from article Bluestem grass
Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). (Photo by Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Bluestem grass
Seed heads of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). (Photo by Lynn Betts, Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Theales
Flower of a Franklin tree (Franklinia alatamaha), which is a characteristic member of the family Theaceae in the order Theales, named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. Although the tree (a rare native plant of the southeastern United States) has not…
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from article Sassafras
Leaves of a sassafras seedling (Sassafras albidum), Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. (Photo courtesy of J. M. Reuter, National Park Service)
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from article Cellulose
Microscopic view of cotton fibers, which contain 98% cellulose. (Credit: Martin Kreutz/agefotostock)
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from article Cellulose
Positioning of β-d-glucopyranosyl units in cellulose structure.
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from article Cellulose
Cellulose is the principal structural component of plants. In particular, cellulose in the plant cell wall is found mainly in the form of threadlike fibers, composed of smaller fibrils (microfibrils). (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Cantaloupe
Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus). (Photo by Scott Bauer, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Plant epidermis in surface view. (a) Iris leaf showing kidney-shaped guard cells. (b) Zea leaf showing dumbbell-shaped guard cells; two subsidiary cells are associated with each stoma. (c) Sedum leaf; each stoma is associated with three or four…
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from article Epidermis (plant)
Specialized epidermal cells in transections of leaves. (a) Leaf of Ficus elastica, each side having approximately three layers of cells in the multiple epidermis; lithocyst containing cystolith whose calcium deposits were removed during…
