An article from Science News Dec 2019
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An article from Science News Nov 2019
The first artificial material that follows sunlight may upgrade solar panels
An article from Science News Aug 2019
Ocean acidification could weaken diatoms’ glass houses
An article from Science News Jul 2019
The largest seaweed bloom ever detected spanned the Atlantic in 2018
An article from Science News Jul 2019
These fungi drug cicadas with psilocybin or amphetamine to make them mate nonstop
An article from Science News May 2019
How allergens in pollen help plants do more than make you sneeze
An article from Science News May 2018
A caterpillar outwits corn defenses by gorging on fattening ‘junk’ food
An article from Science News May 2018
This AI uses the same kind of brain wiring as mammals to navigate
An article from Science News Apr 2018
Rising CO2 levels might not be as good for plants as we thought
An article from Science News Feb 2018
The flowers that give us chocolate are ridiculously hard to pollinate
An article from Science News Feb 2018
Pollinators are usually safe from a Venus flytrap
An article from Science News Oct 2017
Gut fungi might be linked to obesity and inflammatory bowel disorders
An article from Science News Sep 2017
When a fungus invades the lungs, immune cells can tell it to self-destruct
An article from Science News Sep 2017
Pollen hitches a ride on bees in all the right spots
An article from Science News May 2017
When it’s hot, plants become a surprisingly large source of air pollution
An article from Science News Mar 2017
How to grow toxin-free corn
An article from Science News Jan 2017
Meat-eating pitcher plants raise deathtraps to an art
An article from Science News Apr 2016
Pollen becoming bee junk food as CO2 rises
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from article Digitalis
Close-up view of common purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). (Photo by Vera Kratochvil)
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from article Larch
Cone and needles of the larch (Larix).
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from article Plant tissue systems
Primary plant tissue systems in longitudinal and cross sections of (a) shoot and (b) root.
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from article Plant tissue systems
Cross section of typical dicotyledon stem, showing secondary tissues that arise from lateral meristems.
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from article Gooseberry
Gooseberry branch bearing fruits and leaves. [Photo courtesy of the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture]
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from article Plant movement
Coleus stem gravitropic reorientation. (Credit: Dr. Roger P. Hangarter)
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from article Plant movement
Branches of weeping Japanese maple.
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from article Plant movement
Cabbage shoot phototropism.
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from article Plant movement
Morning glory thigmotropism as it wraps itself around a stake.
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from article Plant movement
Daily nastic movements of bean leaves. (Credit: Dr. Roger P. Hangarter)
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from article Plant movement
Thigmonastic closure of the Venus' flytrap. (Credit: Dr. Roger P. Hangarter)
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from article Plant movement
Hygroscopic closure and opening of Queen Anne's lace rays.
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from article Red yeast rice
Major Monascus pigments.
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from article Red yeast rice
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from article Red yeast rice
Rice grains after 7 days of cultivation of M. purpureus at 30°C (86°F).
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from article Apricot
Apache apricot (Prunus armeniaca). (Photo courtesy of Craig Ledbetter, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Apricot
Brown rot infecting apricots and producing spores on the surface of infected apricots. These spores can infect other fruit. (Photo courtesy of Loren J. Giesler, University of Nebraska–Lincoln)
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from article Lemon
Lemon (Citrus limon). (Photo by Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Grass crops
Wheat (genus Triticum), one of the most important grass crops in the world. (Photo by Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University)
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from article Grass crops
Parts of a typical grass plant. (a) Complete plant. (b) Many-flowered spikelet. (c) Generalized spikelet. (d) One-flowered spikelet. (e) Spikelet at flowering. (f) Floret in fruit. (g) Floret in flower. (h) A fruit. (i) A flower. (Illustration based…
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from article Grass crops
Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). (Photo by Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Grass crops
Symptoms of stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis, on leaves of oats (genus Avena). (Photo courtesy of the University of Georgia Plant Pathology Archive)
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from article Pine nut
Pine nuts in their hard shell (Mexican piñon pine, Pinus cembroides). (Photo by Steve Hurst, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)
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from article Pine nut
Cone containing pine nuts (stone pine, Pinus pinea). (Photo by Vito Buono, Bari, Italy)
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from article Equisetales
Equisetum arvense. (a) Sterile shoot. (b) Fertile shoot growing from an underground rootstock. (c) Cone. (d) Two views of shield-shaped sporangiophores. (e) Spores, greatly enlarged. As spore dries, elaters expand. (After E. W. Sinnott and K. S.…
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from article Equisetales
Equisetum gametophyte. (a) Small gametophyte, showing antheridia only. (b) Male gametes. (c) Larger gametophyte; branching lobes have archegonia at bases. (After E. W. Sinnott and K. S. Wilson, Botany: Principles and Problems, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill,…
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from article Equisetales
Sporophytes. (a) Equisetum gametophyte with sporophytes. (b, c, d) The young sporophytes of Equisetum hiemale. (After G. M. Smith, Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 2, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1955)
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from article Pathotoxin
Oat seedling resistant to Victoria blight obtained by screening a susceptible population with the pathotoxin victorin, a product of the pathogen Helminthosporium victoriae.
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from article Pathotoxin
Separation of corn seedlings resistant (N) and susceptible (T) to southern corn leaf blight by treatment with a pathotoxin produced by Helminthosporium maydis race T.
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from article Pathotoxin
Chemical structures of four pathotoxins. (a) Fusicoccin. (b) Tentoxin. (c) AM-toxin. (d) HMT-toxin.
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from article Tree ferns
Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern), a common member of the family Cyatheaceae. (Photo by Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Tree ferns
Arrangement of leaves of Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern). (Photo by Bryan Harry, Haleakalā National Park, National Park Service, Maui, Hawaii)
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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Three-module circadian clock system.
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from article Circadian clock (plants)
Model of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, showing light input (bold arrow), the central oscillator (large box), and output/response (tinted arrows). Light signals synchronize the clock via the cryptochromes (cry) and phytochromes (phy). These are…
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from article Gibberellins
ent-Gibberellane carbon skeleton showing the carbon numbering system and ring designations.
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from article Gibberellins
The GA-biosynthetic pathway in higher plants via 2-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP). The biologically active end products of the pathway are GA1, GA3, and GA4. The general diterpene precursor trans-geranylgeranyldiphosphate (GGPP) is formed in…
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from article Gibberellins
Mechanisms for GA inactivation. C19-GAs and C20-GAs may be oxidized on C-2 by different classes of GA 2-oxidases (GA2ox). In rice, the enzyme ELONGATED UPPER INTERNODE (EUI) oxidizes the 16,17-double bond of non–13-hydroxylated GAs, such as GA4, to…
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from article Gibberellins
DELLA protein showing conserved domains, and a model for DELLA degradation via the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, which consists of a DELLA-specific F-box, Skp1, Cullin1 (CUL), and Rbx1 subunits. Binding of the GID1-GA complex to DELLAs promotes…
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from article Gibberellins
Model for GA-induced production of α-amylase in the aleurone of germinating cereal grains. GAs produced in the scutellum diffuse to the aleurone cells, where they stimulate transcription, processing, and secretion of α-amylase and other hydrolytic…
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from article Chlorophyceae
Chlorococcales. (a) Chlorococcum (Chlorococcaceae), vegetative cell; (b) cell with zoospores; (c) zoospores; (d) Hydrodictyon (Hydrodictyaceae), portion of coenobium; (e) portion enlarged; (f) Dictyosphaerium (Dictyosphaeriaceae), colony in…
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from article Chlorophyceae
Filamentous green algae with chlorophycean ultrastructure. (a) Microspora (Microsporales), showing H-shaped wall segments; (b) Sphaeroplea (Sphaeropleales); (c) Chaetophora (Chaetophorales), heterotrichous thallus (erect and prostrate systems).
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from article Chlorophyceae
Ulothrix (Ulotrichales).
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from article Osage orange
Fruit and foliage of osage orange (Maclura pomifera). (Photo copyright © Karren Wcisel)
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from article Bryopsidales
Anatomical structures of selected members of Bryopsidales. (a) Dichotomosiphon, filament with oogonia and antheridia. (b) Ostreobium, filaments. (c) Caulerpa, section of filament showing trabeculae. (d) Codium, group of utricles with gametangia and…
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from article Bryopsidales
Representative members of Bryopsidales. (a) Bryopsis; (b) Caulerpa; (c) Penicillus; (d) Halimeda; (e) Codium.
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Subarctic tundra and vegetation of the Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. As a result of climate change and the resultant poleward and upward shift of plant ranges, plants and their ecosystems may become particularly vulnerable. (Credit:…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) growing in Montana. As a result of warming temperatures, this type of grass could face decreased productivity, allowing forbs to increase and making the ecosystem less tolerant of drought and grazing. (Credit: Matt…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
Modeled distribution of suitable climate space in Europe for stiff sedge (Carex bigelowii), which is an Arctic-Alpine plant: (a) during the period 1961–1990 (green color = suitable climate space during the 1961–1990 period); (b) climate model…
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from article Plant vulnerability to climate change
The endangered western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara) is declining across much of its range in North America. (Credit: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)
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from article Plant juvenility
The basic miRNA, siRNA, and ta-siRNA pathways in plants. The enzymes that carry out the different steps are written to the right of the downward arrows. The miRNA pathway schematic shows processing of the hairpin into an miRNA:miRNA* duplex by the…
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from article Plant juvenility
The developmental expression patterns of genes that regulate vegetative phase change. This graph is meant to show only the changes in expression for each gene during development rather than actual expression levels or relative levels between genes.
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from article Rosemary
Leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). (Photograph courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Squash
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), a type of summer squash, with flowers. (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University/www.Bugwood.org)
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from article Squash
Crookneck squash (Cucurbita moschata). (Credit: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University/www.Bugwood.org)
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from article Squash
Delicata squash (Cucurbita pepo), a variety of winter squash. (Credit: Shaun Case)
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from article Squash
Leaves of Cucurbita pepo infected by a squash mosaic virus. (Credit: William M. Brown, Jr./www.Bugwood.org)
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from article Automatic landing system
Schematic of radar-beam system for aircraft-carrier and shore applications.
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from article Dormancy
Viviparous seeds of maize (Zea mays) germinating on the cob because of a mutation (vp14) preventing abscisic acid synthesis. (From S. H. Schwartz and J. A. D. Zeevaart, Abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism, pp. 137–155, in P. J. Davies, ed.,…
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from article Phaeophyceae
Embryonic sporophyte of Desmarestia anceps, showing trichothallic growth resulting in an embryonic stipe and several pairs of embryonic branches.
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from article Altimeter
Schematic arrangement of sensitive pressure altimeter. 1 ft = 0.3 m.
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from article Altimeter
Radar altimeter principles. (a) Ideal return power distribution, which would be observed if the signal came only from the closest point to the radar. (b) Typical distribution of average returned power as a function of distance from the radar. (c)…
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from article Altimeter
Block diagrams of typical radar altimeters. (a) Automatic pulse altimeter. Control, tracking, and output circuits may all be digital. (b) Servo-adjusted-sweep FM altimeter.
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from article Coriander
Coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum). (Photograph courtesy of Steve Hurst, USDA–NRCS PLANTS Database)
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from article Strawberry
June-bearing strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa), which are produced in early summer. (Photo courtesy of Kimberly Lewers, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Strawberry
Botrytis cinerea fungal sporulation on a ripe strawberry. (Photo courtesy of Scott Bauer, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Scrophulariales
Flowers of the common snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), a typical member of the family Scrophulariaceae in the order Scrophulariales (Lamiales). (Photo by Ondřej Zicha, BioLib, Czech Republic)
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from article Venus' flytrap
Dionaea muscipula (the Venus' flytrap) growing in a South Carolina nature preserve. Winged petioles and traps in various stages of the capture cycle are visible. The plant is surrounded by Sphagnum moss, which is a frequent community associate.…
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from article Venus' flytrap
Stages in the capture and digestion of a fly by the Venus' flytrap. A prey item is attracted to the trap margins by nectar (a). When a trigger hair on the inside leaf surface is twice stimulated (b), the trap closes rapidly (c). Complete closure is…
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from article Oats
Oats (genus Avena). (Photo by Jan Samanek, State Phytosanitary Administration, Czech Republic)
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from article Oats
Oat panicles with many branches and spikelets. (Photo by Jan Samanek, State Phytosanitary Administration, Czech Republic)
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from article Oats
Oat florets. Scale bar = 1 cm (0.4 in.). (Photo by Steve Hurst, USDA–Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database)
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from article Oats
Crown rust on oat leaves. This devastating disease is caused by Puccinia coronata. (Photo courtesy of the USDA Agricultural Research Service)
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from article Oats
Stem rust infection (caused by Puccinia graminis) on oat stems. (Photo by Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University)
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from article Cell plastids
Light microscope view of part of Hypochaeris radicata leaf, showing chloroplasts sectioned in a variety of planes and displaying internal grana.
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from article Cell plastids
Three-dimensional model of grana with intergranal connections. (After W. Wehrmeyer, Planta, 63:13–30, 1964)
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from article Cell plastids
Electron microscope view of two oat leaf chloroplasts, one showing successive layers of grana in side view, and the other showing grana in face view (disk shape of constituent thylakoid lobes are seen).
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from article Cell plastids
Part of oat leaf chloroplast at higher magnification. Grana are seen in side view, revealing profiles of membranes. Thylakoids that interconnect grana are shown, with components of stroma, or ground substance, in which thylakoids lie. The dense…
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from article Cell plastids
Proplastid in cell of broad bean root tip. Double membranous envelope is shown and rudimentary nature of internal membrane system is obvious.
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from article Poppy
Stems, fruits (capsules), and flower of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). By cutting into the fruits soon after the petals have fallen, the opium is obtained. (Photo courtesy of Milan Kořínek)
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from article Plant pigment
Photosynthetic spectra of higher plants. (Left) Absorption spectra for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the carotenoids, showing the wavelengths of visible light that support photosynthesis. (Right) Action spectrum for photosynthesis. (Copyright ©…
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from article Plant pigment
Structures of three types of plant pigments: chlorophylls (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a′), carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein), and phycocyanobilin.
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from article Plant pigment
The autumn colors of leaves are produced by carotenoid pigments. During the autumn, leaves stop their production of chlorophyll, providing the opportunity for the orange and yellow carotenoid colors observed in autumn leaves to predominate. In…
