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from article Blueberry
Blueberries (Vaccinium sp.). (Photograph courtesy of Scott Bauer, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Blueberry
Mummy berry disease caused by the fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi. (a) Healthy fruit and (b) diseased fruit (from R. D. Milholland, Sclerotium germination and histopathology of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi on highbush blueberry, Phytopathology,…
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from article Non-Newtonian fluid
Steady shear flow of a fluid between a fixed plate and a parallel moving plate, illustrating the concept of viscosity.
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from article Non-Newtonian fluid
Examples of the counterintuitive behavior display by non-newtonian fluids. (a) Weissenberg effect. (b) Die swell. (c) Tubeless siphon.
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from article Non-Newtonian fluid
Typical dependence of the viscosity (ε) on shear rate (γ) for a non-Newtonian fluid. The functional from shown is called the Carreau model.
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from article Halimeda
Halimeda kanaloana found in the waters off Hawaii. (Photo courtesy of the Deep Water Macroalgal Meadows 2004 Exploration, Office of Ocean Exploration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
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from article Dysprosium
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from article Anharmonic oscillator
Interaction between atoms. (a) Potential function of the interaction, V, plotted against r, the separation distance of the atomic nuclei. V(r) is plotted on a linear scale in units of negative joules. (b) Force, F(r), that is associated with the…
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from article Anharmonic oscillator
Potential function for the rigid, planar simple pendulum.
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from article Anharmonic oscillator
Anharmonic potential responsible for internal friction damping. Only at low levels (as noted by the ×10 enlargement) does the nonlinear nature of the potential become observable.
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from article Anharmonic oscillator
Comparison of nonlinear and linear oscillator damping. (a) Nonlinear damping due to internal friction. (b) Linear damping due to an external force.
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from article Anharmonic oscillator
Comparison of (1) viscous (linear) damping that derives from an external-to-the-oscillator friction force and (2) hysteretic (nonlinear) damping of the internal friction type. Both oscillators are in free decay with quality factor Q = 10 and angular…
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from article Matched-field processing
Plane-wave signal incident on a linear sensor array without any reflections. (a) Signal and sensor-array geometry. (b) Typical plane-wave array-signal-processor output, A(θ), and the matched-field processing output, B(θ), versus signal incident…
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from article Matched-field processing
Plane-wave signal incident on a linear sensor array with one reflection. (a) Signal and sensor-array geometry. (b) Typical plane-wave array-signal-processor output, A(θ), and the matched-field processing output, B(θ), versus signal incident angle, θ.
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from article Matched-field processing
Signals from a remote source incident on a linear sensor array in a waveguide with two reflecting surfaces and four signal paths connecting the source and the array. (a) Signal and sensor-array geometry. (b) Typical plane-wave array-signal-processor…
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from article Acoustic microscope
Acoustic lens.
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from article Acoustic microscope
Acoustic images. (a) Bipolar transistor on silicon integrated circuit and (b) myxobacterium, both images taken in superfluid helium at 0.2 K (from J. S. Foster and D. Rugar, Low-temperature acoustic microscopy, IEEE Trans., SU-32, 139–151, 1985).…
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from article Acoustic microscope
Acoustic rays interacting to produce contrast enhancement in imaging at defocus and to generate V(z) curve.
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from article Onion
Pungent red onions (Allium cepa). (Photo by Stephen Ausmus, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Onion
Collection of yellow onions (Allium cepa) after harvesting. (Photo by Doug Wilson, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Onion
Common onions (Allium cepa) infected by Urocystis cepulae, causing onion smut. (Photo by Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University)
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from article Lawrencium
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from article Gravimetric analysis
In gravimetric analysis, a filtration step is required to collect the precipitate. (Credit: Matt Meadows/McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Particle track etching
Upper images show increasing radiation damage produced by a high-energy uranium nucleus in the cosmic radiation as it penetrates a thick stack of Lexan plastic sheets and slows down. The lengths of the etched cones in these three sheets, taken at…
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from article Particle track etching
Etched conical pits in a sheet of allyl diglycol carbonate (CR-39 plastic) irradiated at normal incidence with 60-MeV alpha particles. (From P. B. Price et al., Do energetic heavy nuclei penetrate deeply into the Earth's atmosphere?, Proc. Nat.…
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from article Particle track etching
Etched fossil particle tracks. (a) Tracks from spontaneous fission of 238U and 244Pu in a zircon crystal from a lunar breccia, seen by scanning electron microscopy (from D. Braddy et al., Crystal chemistry of Pu and U and concordant fission track…
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from article Particle track etching
Reconstructed images of right and left breasts of a patient taken by using a 3600-MeV carbon-ion beam at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac accelerator. Arrow indicates 1-cm (0.4-in.) carcinoma. (From C. A. Tobias et al., Lawrence Berkeley…
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from article Medical ultrasonic tomography
Ultrasonic B-scan of the abdomen.
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from article Optical modulators
Electrooptic intensity modulator.
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from article Optical modulators
Acoustooptic modulator-deflector. (a) Raman-Nath regime. (b) Bragg regime.
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from article Optical modulators
Waveguide acoustooptic modulator-deflector.
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from article Optical modulators
Titanium-diffused LiNbO3 strip waveguide with coplanar electrodes for electrooptic phase modulation.
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from article Optical modulators
Directional coupler waveguide modulator switch.
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from article Optical modulators
Mach-Zehnder electrooptic waveguide modulator.
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from article Optical modulators
Semiconductor laser modulation. (a) Unmodulated semiconductor laser. (b) Directly modulated laser. (c) Electroabsorption modulator. (d) Integrated externally modulated laser.
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from article Thermionic emission
Richardson-Dushman plot for tungsten, an important thermionic emitter. (After G. Herrmann and S. Wagener, The Oxide-Coated Cathode, vol. 2, Chapman and Hall, 1951)
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from article Thermionic emission
Free electrons are assumed to move in approximately constant potential. (a) Occupation of electron states between the bottom of the conduction band and the Fermi level of a metal is indicated for T = 0 by the shaded area. (b) Fermi distribution…
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from article Thermionic emission
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from article Redwood
Redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Euglenophyceae
Euglena sp., showing overall morphology and intracellular structures.
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from article Scattering of electromagnetic radiation
Pressure-induced density fluctuations in a fluid.
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from article Scattering of electromagnetic radiation
The role of interference in determining the angular dependence of light scattering from particles that are comparable in size to the wavelength.
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from article Hypodermis
Transection from the outer part of a Smilax root, illustrating a thick-walled hypodermis (exodermis) beneath the epidermis. One hypodermal cell is not thickened. (After K. Esau, Plant Anatomy, 2d ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1965)
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from article Polarized light
Illustration of the law of Malus.
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from article Polarized light
Nicol prism. The ray for which Snell's law holds is called the ordinary ray.
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from article Polarized light
Wollaston prism.
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from article Polarized light
Rochon prism.
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from article Polarized light
Projection of light vector of constant amplitude on plane z = 0 for circularly polarized light. (a) t = 0. (b) t = π/4ω. (c) t = π/2ω. (d) t = 3π/4ω.
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from article Polarized light
Fresnel rhomb.
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from article Rigid-body dynamics
Rotation of a symmetric rigid body around a fixed axis through the center of mass.
