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from article Redwood
Redwood trees (Sequoia sempervirens). (Photo courtesy of Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Euglenophyceae
Euglena sp., showing overall morphology and intracellular structures.
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from article Coir
Coir fibers. (Photo courtesy of the Fiber Industry Development Authority, Department of Agriculture, the Philippines)
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from article Hypodermis
Transection from the outer part of a Smilax root, illustrating a thick-walled hypodermis (exodermis) beneath the epidermis. One hypodermal cell is not thickened. (After K. Esau, Plant Anatomy, 2d ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1965)
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from article Slope
Slope of a line.
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from article Slope
Slope of a curve.
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from article Agricultural engineering
Drone used to inspect a vineyard in France. (Credit: freeprod/123RF)
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from article Cell walls (plant)
Stylized model of the plant primary cell wall, showing layers of semicrystalline cellulose microfibrils associating with cross-linking hemicellulose polymers, embedded in a pectin matrix.
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from article Cell walls (plant)
Light microscopy image of the outer cell layers and cuticle of a tomato fruit. The cuticle in this organ, shown here with a red stain, forms an exceptionally thick lipid coating on the outer epidermal cell and also permeates into the underlying cell…
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from article Cell walls (plant)
Model showing the multiple layers that can be observed in some secondary cell walls, which vary in the direction that the constituent cellulose microfibrils are deposited.
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from article Cell walls (plant)
Cell expansion. (a) Two cells (left) of similar size, but different orientations of microfibril deposition show contrasting directions of cell expansion (right). (b) Model of the deposition of cellulose microfibrils by cellulose synthase complexes,…
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from article Plant breeding
Utilizing a variety of selection techniques, plant breeders can modify plant species with respect to one or more phenotypic traits, thereby producing new and improved types of farm crops or decorative plants. (Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education)
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from article Plant breeding
Plant breeders have developed superior cultivars of a number of important crops. For example, traditional varieties of rice typically have many thin stalks, which can support relatively few seeds. Through selection techniques, rice yields can be…
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from article Plant breeding
Sequence of steps in crossing inbred plants and using the resulting single-crossed seed to produce double-crossed hybrid seed. (Credit: Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture)
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from article Sycamore
Leaves of the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). (Photo courtesy of Larry Allain, USGS National Wetlands Research Center)
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from article Farm crops
Windrowing of organic wheat on a farm in Minnesota. (Photo by Bruce Fritz, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture)
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from article Organic agriculture
Small-scale organic vegetable farm in the Netherlands.
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from article Organic agriculture
Examples of labels representing two certification programs, the EU Organic regulation and the USDA National Organic Program.
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from article Bonsai
Major bonsai styles. (a) Formal upright (Chokkan); black pine. (b) Semicascade (Han-Ken-gai); wisteria. (c) Informal upright (Moyogi); juniper. (d) Cascade (Kengai); white pine. (e) Slanting (Shakan); spruce. (f) Rock clinging (Ishezuke); azalea.…
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from article Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma. (a) Brachysclereids (stone cells) from fruit of pear. (b) Macrosclereids (rod cells) from macerated seed coat of bean. (c) Branched sclereids from petiole of Camellia. (d) Fiberlike sclereids in cleared leaf of olive. (e) Transection…
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from article Douglas-fir
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at Junction Butte, Yellowstone National Park. (Photo courtesy of Jim Peaco, National Park Service)
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from article Douglas-fir
Cone of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). (Photo courtesy of Christine Duchesne, National Park Service)
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from article Finite element method
Structures modeled by fitting together structural elements: (a) truss structure; (b) two-dimensional planar structure.
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from article Finite element method
Element types: (a) bar; (b) beam; (c) membrane elements; (d) solid elements; (e) axisymmetric solid; (f) plate-bending elements; (g) curved-shell elements; (h) axisymmetric thin-shell element.
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from article Finite element method
Finite element method of (a) fuselage section and (b) wing of a business jet.
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from article Euclidean geometry
Parallel lines and planes.
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from article Euclidean geometry
Normal to a plane.
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from article Euclidean geometry
Regular pentagon ABCDE showing the diagonal d.
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from article Balsa
Leaves and bark of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale). (Credit: Forest and Kim Starr)
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from article Dairy machinery
Arrangement of the component parts of a milking machine.
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from article Dairy machinery
Handling of milk from cow to tanker.
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from article Dairy machinery
Processing plant operations.
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from article Dairy machinery
Cream separator driven by electric motor. (a) Entire unit. (b) Cross-sectional view of the separating bowl. (DeLaval Separator Co.)
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from article Dairy machinery
Schematic representation of pasteurization processes. Details of bypass, relief lines, equalizer, and check valves are not included.
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from article Dairy machinery
Types of milk dryers and method of operation. (a) Drum dryers. (b) Vertical chamber spray dryers.
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from article Pollen
(a) Fossil pollen (90 million years old) showing the clumping common in the Cretaceous sediments of Minnesota (photo courtesy of Shusheng Hu). (b) Pollen grain of Ipomoea squamosa (a member of the Morning Glory family) showing the large spines that…
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from article Pollen
Tetrad of cattail (Typha latifolia), grains cohering, one-pored, exine reticulate. (Scanning electron micrograph by C. M. Drew, U.S. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California)
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from article Pollen
Growth of hellebore (buttercup family) pollen walls: (a,b) matrix of sculpture material forms against callose wall; (c–e) ectexine (tectum, baculum, and foot layer) develops; and (f) endexine and intine appear. (After P. Echlin, Pollen, Sci. Amer.,…
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from article Pollen
Young tetrad of Lavatera (mallow family), with grains free in callose of pollen mother cell. (Photomicrograph by Luc Waterkeyn)
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from article Pollen
Scanning electron micrographs of pollen grains, showing polarity and surface patterns. (a,c) Polar and side (equatorial) views of a reticulate, tricolpate Homalanthus polyandrus (spurge family) grain. (b,d) One-furrowed (monosulcate) grains with…
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from article Pollen
Subfossil Pinnus grain, corroded in soil. (a) Sketch showing cap and two sacs in side view, with right sac broken. (b) View into damaged right sac, which lacks its tough outer wall, to show honeycomb (alveolate) ectexine (sexine) structure in the…
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from article Pollen
Some varied pollen types of (a–d) gymnosperms and (e–g) angiosperms. (a) Inaperturate (Cupressus arizonica). (b) Papillate (Sequoia sempervirens). (c) Monosulcate (Zamia floridiana), a cycad. (d) Young three-saccate grain of kahikatea (Dacrycarpus…
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from article Pollen
Three polyads, each a symmetrical unit of 16 grains, lying free in an open anther lobe of Albizzia julibrissin (mimosa family).
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from article Pollen
Dicot aperture types, (a) Tricolpate (Hebe rapensis). (b) Triporate (Casuarina stricta) (photomicrograph by Isobel C. Cookson). (c) Tricolporate (Griselinia littoralis), side view, unexpanded; (d) polar view, intine present, expanded. (e) Periporate…
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from article Pollen
Some anemophilous dicot types and an entomophilous type of pollen grains. (a) Surface of many-pored Russian thistle (Salsola kali), grain with very small spinules. (b, c) Modern and (d) fossil Nothofagus fusca–type grains notable for endexinal…
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from article Pollen
Polar view of an Aptian Clavatipollenites grain, showing the long furrow and surface pattern (as in living Ascarina). From the Arundel clay of the Atlantic coastal plane, United States. (Scanning electron micrograph by J. V. Ward)
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from article Strychnos
Strychnos nux-vomica: close-up view of leaves and flowering branch. (Photo courtesy of Dinesh Valke)
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from article Root (botany)
Kinds of roots. (a) Adventitious, on a cutting or slip (geranium). (b) Prop and other adventitious (corn). (c) Fibrous adventitious (grass). (d) Primary, or taproot (dandelion). (e) Fleshy taproot (carrot). (f) Fleshy, fascicled adventitious…
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from article Root (botany)
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from article Root (botany)
