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In a general sense, the science of the application of lighting. Radiation in the range of wavelengths of 0.38–0.76 micrometer produces the visual...
Illumination (in 'Optical microscope' article)
Illumination of the microscope is obtained from a bright surface or from a luminous source concentrated with the aid of condensing lenses. Sources com
Critical illumination (in 'Optical microscope' article)
In critical illumination an image of the light source is focused on the specimen from a uniform source, for example, a ribbon-filament lamp (Fig. 6).
Vertical illumination (in 'Optical microscope' article)
Vertical illumination uses a partly silvered mirror, or a prism, to reflect light through the objective onto the specimen. The light reflected back t
Dark-field illumination (in 'Optical microscope' article)
In dark-field illumination the specimen appears bright, or self-luminous, against a black background. The illuminating beam is a hollow cone of light
Illumination (in 'Reflecting microscope' article)
The reflecting microscope has several unique characteristics that make it highly suitable for applications which require nonvisible radiation to illum


= Encyclopedia Article; = Research Update
Figure 1.Spectral response of human eye to radiation. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)
From Encyclopedia article 'Illumination'
Figure 2.Ideal reflection. (a) Specular, such as from a polished surface. (b) Diffuse, such as from a that surface of microscopic roughness. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)
From Encyclopedia article 'Illumination'
Figure 3.Typical reflection characteristics. (a) Practical mat surface. (b) Semimat surface. (c) Semimat surface at large angle of incidence. (d) Porcelain-enameled steel. Broken-line curves in a and d illustrate ideal cosine distribution. (After W. B. Boast, Illumination Engineering, 2d ed., McGraw-Hill, 1953)
From Encyclopedia article 'Illumination'
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