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A group of late archaic humans from Europe, the Near East, and central Asia that immediately preceded the first modern humans in those regions. The...
Within the past decade, biochemical methods have advanced so much that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be copied and sequenced from individuals...
Neanderthals were humans that lived across Europe, the Middle East, and into central Asia and southern Siberia between 300,000 and 24,000 years ago....
The first Neanderthal (also spelled Neandertal) skeleton was scientifically described just 2 years before Darwin's The Origin of Species was...



= Encyclopedia Article; = Research Update
Figure 1.Ideal clean-room design. The figure also illustrates use of multiple negative controls, exposed to different stages of ancient DNA preparation, for monitoring contamination. EDTA = ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; PK = proteinase K.
From update 'Ancient DNA'
Figure 1.Neanderthal cranium, with pronounced brow ridges, large braincase, and receding forehead, from Forbes' Quarry, Gibraltar. This skull, discovered in 1848, preceded the 1856 Neander Valley (Germany) discovery by 8 years. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)
Figure 2.Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar. Situated on the coast on the eastern side of the Rock of Gibraltar, the site was occupied by Neanderthals between 120,000 and 24,000 years ago. This is the last known site of Neanderthal occupation. (Photo courtesy of Clive Finlayson/Gibraltar Museum)