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Since the discovery of the first Neandertal fossil bones in the mid-1800s, Neandertals have been an enigma. Morphologically, their bones are very...


= Encyclopedia Article; = Research Update
Figure 1.Vindija Cave, Croatia. The three bones used to initially determine the Neandertal genome were excavated from this cave. (Image copyright © Johannes Krause)
From update 'Neandertal genome'
Figure 2.Genetic inheritance in sexually reproducing species. Every individual carries two copies of the genome (one inherited from each parent). The version of the genome bequeathed by each parent is a recombined version of the two genomes present in each parent. Likewise, the parents' genomes were recombined versions present in each grandparent. Through the generations, contiguous segments intact from a single individual are shorter and shorter. At each place in the genome, every individual has a unique and random genealogy stretching back through the generations.
From update 'Neandertal genome'
Figure 3.Neandertal and human ancestries. At any place in the genome, there is a phylogenetic tree that relates all humans. In this tree, the common ancestor for two randomly selected humans lived about 420,000 years ago. This is more distant in the past than the population split that separated what would become Neandertals and what would become modern humans. Therefore, much of the genetic variation that exists between humans today was already present in the common ancestor of humans and Neandertals. For some genes, as shown here, some humans will be more closely related to Neandertals than to other humans.
From update 'Neandertal genome'
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