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The activity of a substance is a thermodynamic property that is related to the chemical potential of that substance. Activities are closely related... A function introduced by G. N. Lewis to facilitate the application of thermodynamics to real systems. Thus, when fugacities are substituted for... An expression for the effective concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. The activity of hydrogen ions or, more correctly, hydronium ions, that is,... The distribution of diffusible ions on either side of a semipermeable membrane in the presence of macro-ions that are too large to pass through the... An electrode with an invariant potential. In electrochemical methods, where it is necessary to observe, measure, or control the potential of another... The thermodynamic modeling of liquids and liquid mixtures is important to both the chemist and the chemical engineer. The chemist is interested in... The equilibrium potential difference between two conducting phases in contact, most often an electronic conductor such as a metal or semiconductor on... A term in thermodynamics which in different treatments may designate either of two functions defined in terms of the internal energy U or... The transport of electric charges, under electric potential differences, by particles of atomic or larger size. This phenomenon is distinguished... In broad terms, the interaction between a material and its environment that results in a degradation of the physical, mechanical, or even esthetic... Assemblages of silicate minerals. Studies of the nature of these minerals provide information on their origin and their role in rock formation. This... In a dynamic or kinetic sense, chemical equilibrium is a condition in which a chemical reaction is occurring at equal rates in its forward and... The branch of chemistry that deals with the interpretation of chemical phenomena and properties in terms of the underlying physical processes, and... The principles of classical equilibrium thermodynamics are adequate to describe the thermal characteristics of the molecules that constitute living... The transport of solvent through a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions of different solute concentration. The solvent diffuses from the... Modern information technologies are based on semiconducting electronic devices, such as the silicon transistor in a computer's central processing... The presence in the atmosphere of natural and artificial substances that affect human health or well-being, or the well-being of any other specific... The voltage differences which exist between separated points in living cells, tissues, organelles, and organisms are called biopotentials. Related to... The phenomenon in which a relatively small amount of foreign material, called a catalyst, augments the rate of a chemical reaction without itself... An aftertreatment device used for pollutant removal from automotive exhaust. Since the 1975 model year, increasingly stringent government... A state of fluid flow in which the balance of body forces along the direction of the net body force is unstable and will thus break down. Fluid flows... A method for separating homogeneous mixtures based upon equilibration of liquid and vapor phases. Substances that differ in volatility appear in... The study of the flow of energy within an ecological system from the time the energy enters the living system until it is ultimately degraded to heat... The subdiscipline of biology that concentrates on the relationships between organisms and their environments; it is also called environmental biology.... A functional system that includes an ecological community of organisms together with the physical environment, interacting as a unit. Ecosystems are... |
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