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AccessScience > Biographies > Nobel Prize Winners

Nobel Prize Winners

Physics  |  Chemistry  |  Physiology or Medicine  |  Economic Sciences  |  Literature  |  Peace


2012 Awarded jointly to: Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.

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Cell (biology)   |   Cell membranes   |   Epinephrine   |   Hormone   |   Molecular biology   |   Noradrenergic system   |   Protein   |   Signal transduction
2011 Awarded to: Dan Shechtman (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Quasicrystal) for the discovery of quasicrystals.

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Crystal   |   Crystal structure   |   Crystallography   |   Electron microscope   |   Quasicrystal   |   X‑ray crystallography   |   X‑ray diffraction
2010 Awarded jointly to: Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for the development of palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis.

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Alkene   |   Catalysis   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic synthesis   |   Organometallic compound   |   Palladium
2009 Awarded jointly to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.

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Genetic code   |   Ribosomes   |   X‑ray crystallography
2008 Awarded jointly to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.

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Confocal microscopy   |   Green fluorescent protein   |   Video microscopy
2007 Awarded to: Gerhard Ertl for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces.

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Catalysis   |   Heterogeneous catalysis   |   Heterogeneous catalysis   |   Surface and interfacial chemistry
2006 Roger D. Kornberg for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)   |   Gene   |   Gene   |   Histone   |   Molecular biology   |   Nucleic acid
2005 Awarded jointly to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.

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Alkene   |   Catalysis   |   Heterogeneous catalysis   |   Heterogeneous catalysis   |   Homogeneous catalysis   |   Organic synthesis
2004 Awarded jointly to: Aaron Ciechanover (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Protein degradation), Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.

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Protein
2003 The prize was divided, with one half awarded to:
Peter Agre for his discovery of a protein that serves as the channel for water transport through cell membranes

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Biopotentials and ionic currents   |   Cell membranes
and with one half to:
Roderick MacKinnon for his structural and mechanistic studies of channels subserving ion transport through cell membranes.

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Biopotentials and ionic currents   |   Cell membranes
2002 The prize was divided, with one half awarded jointly to:
John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka for their development of soft desorption ionization methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

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Chemical imaging   |   Ion sources   |   Laser   |   Mass spectrometry   |   Proteomics   |   Time‑of‑flight spectrometers
and with one half to:
Kurt Wüthrich for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.

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Biopolymer   |   Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)   |   Peptide structural diversity   |   Prion disease   |   Protein
2001 The prize was divided, with one half awarded jointly to:
William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori for their work on chirally catalyzed hydrogen reactions

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Organic synthesis   |   Prochirality   |   Racemization   |   Stereochemistry
and with one half to:
K. Barry Sharpless for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions.

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Organic synthesis   |   Organometallic compound   |   Prochirality   |   Racemization   |   Stereochemistry
2000 Awarded jointly to Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and development of conductive polymers.

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Organic conductor   |   Organic electrical conductors
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail for his pioneering investigation of fundamental chemical reactions using ultra-short laser flashes (femtosecond spectroscopy).

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Laser photochemistry   |   Ultrafast molecular processes
1998 The prize was awarded jointly to:
Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory

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Computational chemistry   |   Molecular orbital theory   |   Quantum chemistry
and
John A. Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

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Computational chemistry   |   Molecular orbital theory   |   Quantum chemistry
1997 The prize was divided, with one half awarded jointly to:
Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)   |   Nobel prizes
and with one half to:
Jens C. Skou for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Nax +, K+-ATPase

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Chemiosmosis   |   Nobel prizes   |   Osmoregulatory mechanisms
1996 The prize was awarded jointly to: Robert F. Curl, Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Fullerene) and Richard E. Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes

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Fullerene   |   Fullerene addition reactions   |   Nobel prizes
1995 The prize was awarded jointly to: Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

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Atmospheric chemistry   |   Ozone   |   Smog
1994 George A. Olah (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Hypercarbon chemistry) for his contribution to carbocation chemistry

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Hypercarbon chemistry   |   Organic reaction mechanism   |   Reactive intermediates   |   Rearrangement reaction
1993 The prize was awarded for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry, and was divided equally between:
Kary B. Mullis for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)   |   Enzyme   |   Gene amplification   |   Nucleic acid
and
Michael Smith for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)   |   Histone   |   Nucleic acid   |   Oligonucleotide
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems

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Electron‑transfer reaction   |   Oxidation‑reduction   |   Photochemistry   |   Reactive intermediates
1991 Richard R. Ernst for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

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Magnetic resonance   |   Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
1990 Elias James Corey for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis

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Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic reaction mechanism   |   Organic synthesis
1989 The prize was awarded jointly to: Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA

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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)   |   Ribozyme
1988 The prize was awarded jointly to: Johann Deisenhofer , Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction center

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Chlorophyll   |   Photosynthesis   |   Plant pigment
1987 The prize was awarded jointly to: Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Supramolecular chemistry) and Charles J. Pedersen for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity

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Molecular recognition   |   Supramolecular chemistry
1986 The prize was awarded jointly to: Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

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Chemical dynamics   |   Laser photochemistry
1985 The prize was awarded jointly to: Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

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Crystallography   |   X‑ray crystallography   |   X‑ray diffraction
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix

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Organic synthesis
1983 Henry Taube (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Oxidation-reduction) for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes

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Electron‑transfer reaction   |   Reactive intermediates
1982 Sir Aaron Klug for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid-protein complexes

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Electron microscope   |   Scanning electron microscope
1981 The prize was awarded jointly to: Kenichi Fukui and Roald Hoffmann for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions

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Chemical dynamics
1980 The prize was divided, with one half being awarded to:
Paul Berg for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)   |   Genetic engineering   |   Nucleic acid
and with the other half jointly to:
Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)   |   Nucleic acid
1979 The prize was divided equally between: Herbert C. Brown (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Hydroboration) and Georg Wittig for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis.

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Hydroboration   |   Organic synthesis   |   Organometallic compound   |   Organophosphorus compound
1978 Peter D. Mitchell for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory.

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Chemiosmosis   |   Photosynthesis
1977 Ilya Prigogine for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures

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Chemical thermodynamics   |   Oscillatory reaction   |   Thermodynamic principles
1976 William N. Lipscomb for his studies on the structure of boranes, illuminating problems of chemical bonding.

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Borane   |   Boron   |   Chemical bonding
1975 The prize was divided equally between:
Sir John Warcup Cornforth for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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Catalysis   |   Enzyme   |   Stereochemistry
and
Vladimir Prelog for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.

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Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Stereochemistry
1974 Paul J. Flory for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules

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Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Polymer
1973 The prize was divided equally between: Ernst Otto Fischer and Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so-called sandwich compounds.

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Carborane   |   Inorganic chemistry   |   Organometallic compound
1972 The prize was divided, with one half being awarded to:
Christian B. Anfinsen for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation

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Amino acids   |   Enzyme   |   Ribonuclease   |   Ribozyme
and with the other half jointly to:
Stanford Moore and William H. Stein for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule

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Amino acids   |   Enzyme   |   Ribonuclease   |   Ribozyme
1971 Gerhard Herzberg for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

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Free radical   |   Quantum chemistry   |   Structural chemistry
1970 Luis F. Leloir for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates.

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Biosynthesis   |   Carbohydrate   |   Nucleotide
1969 The prize was divided equally between: Sir Derek H. R. Barton and Odd Hassel for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

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Conformational analysis
1968 Lars Onsager for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes

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Chemical thermodynamics   |   Open‑systems thermodynamics (biology)   |   Thermodynamic principles
1967 The prize was divided, with one half being awarded to:
Manfred Eigen
and the other half jointly to:
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and Lord (George) Porter for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

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Chemical dynamics
1966 Robert S. Mulliken (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Molecular structure and spectra) for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method

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Chemical bonding   |   Conjugation and hyperconjugation   |   Molecular orbital theory
1965 Robert Burns Woodward for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis

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Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic reaction mechanism   |   Organic synthesis
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

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Insulin   |   X‑ray crystallography
1963 The prize was divided equally between: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers

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Polymer   |   Polymerization
1962 The prize was divided equally between: Max Ferdinand Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

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Protein
1961 Melvin Calvin for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants.

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Photosynthesis   |   Physiological ecology (plant)
1960 Willard Frank Libby for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science

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Dating methods   |   Radiocarbon dating
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis

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Analytical chemistry   |   Polarographic analysis
1958 Frederick Sanger for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin

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Insulin   |   Protein
1957 Lord Alexander R. Todd for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes

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Nucleotide
1956 The prize was awarded jointly to: Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood and Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions.

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Chemical dynamics   |   Reactive intermediates
1955 Vincent Du Vigneaud for his work on biochemically important sulfur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

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Hormone
1954 Linus Carl Pauling for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

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Chemical bonding   |   Structural analysis   |   Structural chemistry
1953 Hermann Staudinger for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry

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Inorganic and organometallic polymers   |   Polymer   |   Protein
1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge for their invention of partition chromatography

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Chromatography
1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: Edwin Mattison McMillan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor; Actinide elements, Berkelium, Californium, Curium, Einsteinium, Seaborgium, Fermium, Mendelevium, Transuranium elements) for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

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Transuranium elements
1950 The prize as awarded jointly to: Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis

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Diels‑Alder reaction   |   Organic synthesis
1949 William Francis Giauque for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behavior of substances at extremely low temperatures

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Chemical thermodynamics   |   Physical chemistry
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins

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Blood   |   Electrophoresis
1947 Sir Robert Robinson for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids

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Alkaloid
1946 The prize was divided, with one half being awarded to:
James Batcheller Sumner for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized

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Enzyme
and with the other half jointly to
John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form

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Enzyme   |   Virus
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method

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Agricultural chemistry
1944 Otto Hahn for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei.

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Nuclear fission
1943 George von Hevesy for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes

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Isotope   |   Radioactive tracer
1942 No prize awarded

1941 No prize awarded
1940 No prize awarded
1939
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt for his work on sex hormones (caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal)

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Hormone   |   Thymic hormones
and
Leopold Ruzicka for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.

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Terpene
1938 Richard Kuhn for his work on carotenoids and vitamins. (caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but later received the diploma and the medal)

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Carotenoids   |   Vitamin
1937 The prize was divided equally between:
Sir Walter Norman Haworth for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C

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Ascorbic acid   |   Carbohydrate
and
Paul Karrer for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B-2

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Carotenoids   |   Riboflavin   |   Vitamin A
1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

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Dipole moment   |   Molecular structure and spectra   |   X‑ray diffraction
1935 The prize was awarded jointly to: Frédéric Joliot and Irène Joliot-Curie in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements

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Radioactivity   |   Radiochemistry   |   Radioisotope
1934 Harold Clayton Urey for his discovery of heavy hydrogen

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Deuterium   |   Heavy water
1932 Irving Langmuir for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

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Surface and interfacial chemistry
1931 The prize was awarded jointly to: Karl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

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High‑pressure chemistry   |   High‑pressure processes
1930 Hans Fischer for his researches into the constitution of hemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of hemin

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Chlorophyll   |   Porphyrin
1929 The prize was divided equally between: Sir Arthur Harden and Hans Karl August Simon Von Euler-Chelpin for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

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Fermentation   |   Sugar
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins.

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Sterol   |   Vitamin
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances

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Cholesterol   |   Liver   |   Steroid
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg for his work on disperse systems

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Ultracentrifuge
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry

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Colloid
1923 Fritz Pregl for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances

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Analytical chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry
1922 Francis William Aston for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule

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Isotope   |   Mass spectrometry   |   Molecular weight
1921 Frederick Soddy for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes

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Isotope   |   Radioactivity   |   Radioisotope
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst in recognition of his work in thermochemistry

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Physical chemistry   |   Thermochemistry
1919 The prize money for 1919 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1918 Fritz Haber for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements

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Ammonia   |   High‑pressure processes
1917 - 1916: The prize money for 1917 - 1916 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll.

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Chlorophyll   |   Plant pigment
1914 Theodore William Richards in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements

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Atomic mass   |   Element (chemistry)
1913 Alfred Werner in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry

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Inorganic chemistry   |   Structural chemistry
1912 The prize was divided equally between:
Victor Grignard for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry

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Grignard reaction   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic synthesis
The prize was divided equally between:
Paul Sabatier for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years

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Hydrogenation   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic synthesis
1911 Marie Curie née Marie Sklodowska in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element

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Polonium   |   Radioactivity   |   Radium
1910 Otto Wallach in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds

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Alicyclic hydrocarbon   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry
1909 Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction

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Catalysis   |   Chemical dynamics
1908 Lord Ernest Rutherford for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances

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Nuclear chemistry   |   Radioactivity   |   Radiochemistry
1907 Eduard Buchner for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cellfree fermentation

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Fermentation
1906 Henri Moissan in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him.

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Electrolysis   |   Fluorine
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Baeyer in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds

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Aromatic hydrocarbon   |   Dye   |   Organic chemistry   |   Organic chemistry
1904 Sir William Ramsay in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system.

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Noble gases
1903 Svante August Arrhenius in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation

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Acid and base   |   Electrolytic conductance   |   Electrolytic conductance
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses

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Purine   |   Sugar
1901 Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

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Chemical dynamics   |   Osmosis   |   Solution
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